Thank you for your interesting and important article exploring predictors of career success in ophthalmology. It is vital that we examine the factors that both enable and hinder career progression in medicine and surgery, as these affect the wellbeing and retention of doctors, arguably two of the biggest issues currently afflicting our profession. In addition, tackling differential attainment in doctors' career success is a matter of ensuring our core values of equality, diversity and inclusion are upheld in healthcare. Resultantly, differential attainment has become a research priority for key stakeholders, including the national bodies of the General Medical Council (GMC), Health Education England, the British Medical Association and the Royal Colleges.
Your article stated that for your study's cohort, there was no association between ethnicity and passing the FRCOphth Part 1 on the first attempt. Conversely, the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) announced that GMC data found a statistically significant variation in the percentage of doctors passing FRCOphth examinations on their first attempt, depending on place of primary medical qualification and ethnicity. White UK graduates had a 72% pass rate, while BAME (Black, Asian or minority ethnic) UK graduates had a 60% pass rate, reducing to 50% for international BAME graduates.(1) These results display one way in which differential attainmen...
Thank you for your interesting and important article exploring predictors of career success in ophthalmology. It is vital that we examine the factors that both enable and hinder career progression in medicine and surgery, as these affect the wellbeing and retention of doctors, arguably two of the biggest issues currently afflicting our profession. In addition, tackling differential attainment in doctors' career success is a matter of ensuring our core values of equality, diversity and inclusion are upheld in healthcare. Resultantly, differential attainment has become a research priority for key stakeholders, including the national bodies of the General Medical Council (GMC), Health Education England, the British Medical Association and the Royal Colleges.
Your article stated that for your study's cohort, there was no association between ethnicity and passing the FRCOphth Part 1 on the first attempt. Conversely, the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) announced that GMC data found a statistically significant variation in the percentage of doctors passing FRCOphth examinations on their first attempt, depending on place of primary medical qualification and ethnicity. White UK graduates had a 72% pass rate, while BAME (Black, Asian or minority ethnic) UK graduates had a 60% pass rate, reducing to 50% for international BAME graduates.(1) These results display one way in which differential attainment affects doctors within ophthalmology.
Indeed, differential attainment has been known to exist for over two decades and the body of new evidence continues to grow.(2) There is now a collective agreement among the aforementioned key stakeholders that efforts must concentrate on constructing and executing action plans to effect change.(2-6) RCOphth have responded with the introduction of a reverse mentoring scheme to support both trainees and trainers, in order to reduce the inequalities faced by doctors in training.(1)
In conclusion, the GMC strategy for 2021-2025 includes focusing on doctors’ wellbeing; staff retention; and promoting a more supportive, fair and inclusive environment to improve our workforce and healthcare system.(7) Differential attainment is inextricably linked to all of these factors and is therefore a vital component to address. The focus should now be on piloting and evaluating interventions to tackle differential attainment, as well as sharing subsequent learning so that doctors may benefit across all branches of medicine and surgery.
Dear Editor,
We are thankful for the enriching comments on our article on the selenium (Se) insufficiency cut-off point value related to severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO).
We concur that the area under the ROC curve revealed an imperfect differentiation between mild and severe GO. Since GO is a multifactorial disease, a single trace element like selenium should be combined with other determinants in clinical practice. Nonetheless, finding from our study built upon the existing evidence on the association between selenium and GO by proposing a possible cut-off-point that should be further validated with a larger and/or different population. Also, future studies that include healthy individuals without orbitopathy will generate more obvious comparative evidence on the effects of Se on the disease course.
Universal normal ranges of serum selenium (Se) levels have not been set because of the geographical variability in selenium levels. The ‘sufficient’ levels of serum selenium have been relative to clinical parameters, e.g., prevention of Keshan disease at > 21 mcg/l, the optimal activity of IDIs (iodothyronine 5’ deiodinase) at > 65 mcg/l (1). The cut-point identified in our study was compatible with at least three studies (90mcg/l, 95mcg/l, and 89 mcg/l) regarding plasma selenium needed to achieve the full expression of plasma GPx (glutathione peroxidase) (1-3).
References
1. Thomson CD. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequ...
Dear Editor,
We are thankful for the enriching comments on our article on the selenium (Se) insufficiency cut-off point value related to severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO).
We concur that the area under the ROC curve revealed an imperfect differentiation between mild and severe GO. Since GO is a multifactorial disease, a single trace element like selenium should be combined with other determinants in clinical practice. Nonetheless, finding from our study built upon the existing evidence on the association between selenium and GO by proposing a possible cut-off-point that should be further validated with a larger and/or different population. Also, future studies that include healthy individuals without orbitopathy will generate more obvious comparative evidence on the effects of Se on the disease course.
Universal normal ranges of serum selenium (Se) levels have not been set because of the geographical variability in selenium levels. The ‘sufficient’ levels of serum selenium have been relative to clinical parameters, e.g., prevention of Keshan disease at > 21 mcg/l, the optimal activity of IDIs (iodothyronine 5’ deiodinase) at > 65 mcg/l (1). The cut-point identified in our study was compatible with at least three studies (90mcg/l, 95mcg/l, and 89 mcg/l) regarding plasma selenium needed to achieve the full expression of plasma GPx (glutathione peroxidase) (1-3).
References
1. Thomson CD. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:391-402.
2. Duffield AJ, Thomson CD, Hill KE, et al. An estimation of selenium requirements for new Zealanders. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:896-903.
3. Thaomson CD, Robinson MF, Butler JA, et al. Long-Term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women. Br J Nutr 1993;69:577-88
Lumyongsatien et al. investigated the risk of relative selenium (Se) insufficiency for the development of disease severity in 100 patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) (1). Thirty-two patients had mild GO and 68 had severe GO, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of Se level ≤93 µg/L for severe GO development was 8.14 (2.39 to 27.75). Abnormal thyroid status was also a risk factor for severe GO, presenting adjusted OR (95% CI) of 3.24 (1.04 to 10.04). The authors concluded that Se ≤93 µg/L was a risk factor for severe GO development, and I have a comment about their study.
The authors conducted a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the cut-off point for detecting severe GO, but the area under the curve was not so large in Figure 1. In addition, 95% CI for the adjusted OR presented a wide range. This means that ability of differentiating severe GO from mild GO by using serum Se may not be high, although there was a statistical significance. In addition, there is a need of study to specify the dose-response relationship between serum Se levels and severity of GO by including Graves' disease without orbitopathy. Anyway, further study is needed to determine the appropriate cut-off point of serum Se for detecting severe GO.
References
1. Lumyongsatien M, Bhaktikamala U, Thongtong P, et al. Relative selenium insufficiency is a risk factor for developing severe Graves' orbitopathy: a case-con...
Lumyongsatien et al. investigated the risk of relative selenium (Se) insufficiency for the development of disease severity in 100 patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) (1). Thirty-two patients had mild GO and 68 had severe GO, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of Se level ≤93 µg/L for severe GO development was 8.14 (2.39 to 27.75). Abnormal thyroid status was also a risk factor for severe GO, presenting adjusted OR (95% CI) of 3.24 (1.04 to 10.04). The authors concluded that Se ≤93 µg/L was a risk factor for severe GO development, and I have a comment about their study.
The authors conducted a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the cut-off point for detecting severe GO, but the area under the curve was not so large in Figure 1. In addition, 95% CI for the adjusted OR presented a wide range. This means that ability of differentiating severe GO from mild GO by using serum Se may not be high, although there was a statistical significance. In addition, there is a need of study to specify the dose-response relationship between serum Se levels and severity of GO by including Graves' disease without orbitopathy. Anyway, further study is needed to determine the appropriate cut-off point of serum Se for detecting severe GO.
References
1. Lumyongsatien M, Bhaktikamala U, Thongtong P, et al. Relative selenium insufficiency is a risk factor for developing severe Graves' orbitopathy: a case-control study. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2021;6(1):e000713.
Dear Editor,
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the NHS and its patients is indisputably far reaching, and this study [1] provides a much-needed perspective into how healthcare seeking behaviours were influenced during this time. The Emergency Department Syndromic Survey System (EDISS) data showed Emergency departments (ED) across the country showed a 25-50% decrease in attendances [2], raising concerns that individuals with possibly, life-threatening illnesses were potentially avoiding hospitals rather than seeking medical attention in a timely manner [2]. By looking into how the general population evaluated the severity, urgency and impact of various eye symptoms [1], the authors provide us with a better understanding of the driving forces and barriers to seeking healthcare, by doing which, they shed light on areas for which nationwide public health messages might not be sufficiently educating people on the importance of accessing healthcare appropriately for conditions that can be life-threatening, or in this case sight-threatening.
The WHO declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a pandemic on 11th March 2020 [3]. Subsequently, the UK Government imposed a national lockdown on 23rd March 2020 [4], with the aim of reducing pressures on the NHS and curbing infection rates. “Vulnerable” individuals were advised to “shield” [5]. The NHS saw a transition from face-to-face consultations to increasingly more virtual consultations [6], with many elective procedures bei...
Dear Editor,
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the NHS and its patients is indisputably far reaching, and this study [1] provides a much-needed perspective into how healthcare seeking behaviours were influenced during this time. The Emergency Department Syndromic Survey System (EDISS) data showed Emergency departments (ED) across the country showed a 25-50% decrease in attendances [2], raising concerns that individuals with possibly, life-threatening illnesses were potentially avoiding hospitals rather than seeking medical attention in a timely manner [2]. By looking into how the general population evaluated the severity, urgency and impact of various eye symptoms [1], the authors provide us with a better understanding of the driving forces and barriers to seeking healthcare, by doing which, they shed light on areas for which nationwide public health messages might not be sufficiently educating people on the importance of accessing healthcare appropriately for conditions that can be life-threatening, or in this case sight-threatening.
The WHO declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a pandemic on 11th March 2020 [3]. Subsequently, the UK Government imposed a national lockdown on 23rd March 2020 [4], with the aim of reducing pressures on the NHS and curbing infection rates. “Vulnerable” individuals were advised to “shield” [5]. The NHS saw a transition from face-to-face consultations to increasingly more virtual consultations [6], with many elective procedures being cancelled during this time [7].
With these structural and logistical changes, came changes to healthcare-seeking behaviours of the British population. With the reduction in ED attendances [2] comes the major risk of harm to patients who perceive COVID-19 as a barrier to seeking help. As described by the authors [1], the Rosenstock health belief model [8] outlines factors that influence an individual’s decision to seek medical help, of which COVID-19 and the lockdown presents as a barrier to the patient seeking medical attention in times when they think they require it. A study from an Emergency Eye Department (EED) at a tertiary eye centre in Leicester found a shocking 53% reduction in attendances during the 1st lockdown in March 2020 [9]. Furthermore, they noted a higher proportion of macula-off retinal detachment, a late sign of retinal tears, suggesting they may have resulted from possible delayed presentations to the emergency department. They observed a 60% reduction in the number of retinal tear cases presenting to ED [9], of which some could have progressed to retinal detachment.
The change in healthcare seeking behaviours attributed to COVID-19 is likely multifactorial, including perceived risk of contracting COVID-19 infection in higher risk environments such as hospitals, challenges associated with travel arrangements to point of care, reduced support from friends and family to aid appropriate contact with healthcare services. This is an area that requires further study to better understand the individual factors impacting decision-making in this context.
Somewhat independent of COVID-19, this survey identifies the need for individuals to be able to assess severity of their symptoms and seek help accordingly [1]. It has been previously identified that knowledge of eye disease is lacking amongst the general population [10]. This results in a significant barrier to accessing healthcare and can skew the risk assessment undertaken by individuals when deciding on how to act based on their symptoms. In a way, COVID-19 has shown a clear need for more effective communication of public eye health messages prompting people to access services when required with appropriate urgency. Moreover, the survey indicated that non-white individuals reported a reduced perception of severity and urgency of medical attention [1], suggesting an inadequacy in the way our healthcare messages are communicated to all groups of society.
Despite there being a larger emphasis for vulnerable individuals and those above the age of 70 to shield during the pandemic [5], the Leicester EED did not find any significant differences in the average age of patients pre-COVID-19 and during the pandemic. The survey noted that people of greater age were more likely to consider symptoms to be of greater seriousness [1], which may offset the perceived risk of COVID -19 infections. However, more data would be required to understand this relationship better.
COVID-19 has elucidated the need for a better understanding of healthcare seeking behaviours, not only during a pandemic, but also as we return to a more “normal” state of affairs, and this study provides a much-needed glimpse into factors affecting patients’ decision-making and ways in which they can be empowered to access healthcare as we continue to tackle the pandemic, and beyond.
References:
1. Butt GF, Hodson J, Wallace GR, et al. Public perceptions of eye symptoms and hospital services during the first UK lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic: a web survey study. BMJ Open Ophthalmology 2021;6:e000854. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000854
2. Thornton, J . Covid-19: A&E visits in England fall by 25% in week after lockdown. BMJ 2020; 369: m1401
3. WHO . Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19), https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-a... (Accessed 19 Dec 2021)
4. UK Government . Number of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases and risk in the UK, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-the-public (Accessed 19 Dec 2021)
5. UK Government . Guidance on shielding and protecting people who are clinically extremely vulnerable from COVID-19, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-shielding-and-pro... (Accessed 19 Dec 2021)
6. Gilbert AW, Billany JCT, Adam R, et al. Rapid implementation of virtual clinics due to COVID-19: report and early evaluation of a quality improvement initiative. BMJ Open Quality 2020;9:e000985. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2020-000985
7. Dunn P, Allen L, Cameron G, Alderwick H. COVID-19 policy tracker. Available from: https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/charts-and-infographics/covid.... (Accessed 19 Dec 2021)
8. Rosenstock, I.M., 2000. Health Belief Model.
9. Poyser A, Deol SS, Osman L, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on eye emergencies. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021;31(6):2894-2900
10. Irving EL, Sivak AM, Spafford MM. “I can see fine”: patient knowledge of eye care. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014;34:38-45.
I must thank Sarkar et al for their insightful study into the COVID effect on ocular symptoms. Although the pandemic has been raging on for close to 2 years now, there is still limited information on the ocular manifestation in COVID patients.
However, I would like to point out the lack of information on the demographic of their study group. Whilst Sarkar et al has provided information on the age group of participants, giving the readers the idea that the ocular manifestation is more prominent in higher age group, It failed to address the fact that gender plays an important factor too. As demonstrated in studies like Borrelli et al [1] and Nøland et al [2], symptoms such as dry eyes etc are much more common in the female population. Hence, the study would have been more convincing if the information on the gender of the participants were made available.
In addition to the point above, I would like to highlight that this study did not address the variation of severity of COVID infection in group 1. As concluded in studies like Johansson et al [3] and Son et al [4], there is substantial variation in symptoms among patients with similar viral load. This would bring to question as to whether the manifestation of ocular symptoms is directly influenced by the level of viral load itself or the severity of systemic COVID symptoms from.
Lastly, Sarkar et al should address if patients with severe COVID infection were excluded from the st...
I must thank Sarkar et al for their insightful study into the COVID effect on ocular symptoms. Although the pandemic has been raging on for close to 2 years now, there is still limited information on the ocular manifestation in COVID patients.
However, I would like to point out the lack of information on the demographic of their study group. Whilst Sarkar et al has provided information on the age group of participants, giving the readers the idea that the ocular manifestation is more prominent in higher age group, It failed to address the fact that gender plays an important factor too. As demonstrated in studies like Borrelli et al [1] and Nøland et al [2], symptoms such as dry eyes etc are much more common in the female population. Hence, the study would have been more convincing if the information on the gender of the participants were made available.
In addition to the point above, I would like to highlight that this study did not address the variation of severity of COVID infection in group 1. As concluded in studies like Johansson et al [3] and Son et al [4], there is substantial variation in symptoms among patients with similar viral load. This would bring to question as to whether the manifestation of ocular symptoms is directly influenced by the level of viral load itself or the severity of systemic COVID symptoms from.
Lastly, Sarkar et al should address if patients with severe COVID infection were excluded from the study as they were too unwell to participate in ocular examination. If so, this would downplay the data on ocular symptoms among COVID patients.
References
1. Borrelli M, Frings A, Geerling G, Finis D. Gender-Specific Differences in Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease. Curr Eye Res. 2021;46(3):294-301. doi:10.1080/02713683.2020.1801758
2. Tellefsen Nøland S, Badian RA, Utheim TP, et al. Sex and age differences in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in a Norwegian cohort of patients. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:68-73. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.11.009
3. Johansson MA, Quandelacy TM, Kada S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2035057. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057
4. Son, Kyung-Bok, Lee, Tae-jin & Hwang, Seung-sik. (2021). Disease severity classification and COVID-19 outcomes, Republic of Korea. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 99 (1), 62 - 66. World Health Organization.
I appreciate that the time this study was conducted was during a political turmoil in the country, and I applaud the effort to recruit participants during this difficult time. This article has shed light on the differences in prevalence of visual impairment between the male and female population. Noticeably the number of male participants with complete blindness was 3832, in contrast with the female participants of 6015. Unfortunately, there is no breakdown of data for causes of blindness and visual impairment between the male and female population. Perhaps it would help explain the phenomenon.
The article has addressed the issue that there was difficulty obtaining female participants for this study due to the lack of female eye health personnel. Could this also mean that there is a lack of access to eye care for women for prevention of blindness.
The article begged a question as to where Afghanistan should focus its efforts when it comes to eye care. Perhaps a very important effort is to recruit more female ophthalmologist in the country to allow better access to eye care for the female population. Hopefully this will be taken into consideration in the country's effort to combat blindness when the political climate allows.
I read with interest the publication by Ramachandran et al, and offer the following comments.
Synthetic Bioresorbable polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets are widely used in surgery and have recently been applied to ulcers resulting from endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy treatment[1]. In vivo, PGA sheets undergo nonenzymatic hydrolysis with the resulting glycolic acid being completely metabolized in about 15 weeks. Animal and human studies have shown that PGA implantation provokes acute and prolonged inflammation by foreign-body reaction and localized acidification. In only a few hours, degraded PGA and glycolic acid induce acute inflammation, as demonstrated by neutrophil infiltration [2].
In the Ramachandran study, the safety of poly- lactic co- glycolic acid (PLGA) electrospun membranes as carriers for limbal tissue explants was demonstrated. The ocular surface remained clear with no epithelial defects in three in five subjects at 12 months. It should be noted that degradation of biosynthetic materials including PLGA triggers inflammatory reactions. Thereore in the package instructions and guidelines often recommends not to use these materials in ophthalmology. However, host inflammatory reactions could be controlled with adequate medications such as topical or systemic steroid administrations. Although in the article, no information on such medications was provided,I hope they would be providesd elsewhere. Then, The oph...
I read with interest the publication by Ramachandran et al, and offer the following comments.
Synthetic Bioresorbable polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets are widely used in surgery and have recently been applied to ulcers resulting from endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy treatment[1]. In vivo, PGA sheets undergo nonenzymatic hydrolysis with the resulting glycolic acid being completely metabolized in about 15 weeks. Animal and human studies have shown that PGA implantation provokes acute and prolonged inflammation by foreign-body reaction and localized acidification. In only a few hours, degraded PGA and glycolic acid induce acute inflammation, as demonstrated by neutrophil infiltration [2].
In the Ramachandran study, the safety of poly- lactic co- glycolic acid (PLGA) electrospun membranes as carriers for limbal tissue explants was demonstrated. The ocular surface remained clear with no epithelial defects in three in five subjects at 12 months. It should be noted that degradation of biosynthetic materials including PLGA triggers inflammatory reactions. Thereore in the package instructions and guidelines often recommends not to use these materials in ophthalmology. However, host inflammatory reactions could be controlled with adequate medications such as topical or systemic steroid administrations. Although in the article, no information on such medications was provided,I hope they would be providesd elsewhere. Then, The ophthalmology community might improve its understanding of clinically available biodegradable materials, including mechanisms of action and response in the human body.
Reference
[1] Murakami, Daisuke; Harada, Hideaki; Amano, Yuji; Yamato, Masayuki:
Do polyglycolic acid sheets really prevent bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection? An opinion from physiological viewpoints
Endoscopy; Issue 01, 2020
[2] Ceonzo K, Gaynor A, Shaffer L et al. Polyglycolic
acid-induced inflammation: role of hydrolysis
and resulting complement activation.
Tissue Eng 2006; 12: 301–308
Dear Editor
We respond to the comments by Solomon regarding our manuscript entitled “Sore eyes as the most significant ocular symptom experienced by people with COVID-19: a comparison between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 states” http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000632 as follows:
1. The assertion that CVS causes sore eyes is true. However, as the author suggests, CVS syndrome causes other eye symptoms including photophobia, tearing, itching eye and red eye. Our study examined these symptoms too and compared pre-COVID states to during-COVID states. Apart from sore eyes – no significant differences were shown in our study. In fact, the reported prevalence of dry eye which is the most commonly reported symptom of CVS as people ‘forget’ to blink, actually reduced during COVID state. In addition, participants reported the duration of the eye symptoms - usually between 1-3 weeks - which tallied with the experience of other COVID-19 symptoms such as dry cough and fever. Therefore it is not likely that the sore eyes symptoms were caused by CVS.
2. Regarding the transmission – it may be possible that virus spreads from the oropharynx through the lacrimal canal to the conjunctiva (as mentioned by the author of the letter as a personal opinion [1]) - or it may indeed be from the conjunctival into the nasal meatus as shown for SARS virus [2]. Unless more evidence is available it is not possible t...
Dear Editor
We respond to the comments by Solomon regarding our manuscript entitled “Sore eyes as the most significant ocular symptom experienced by people with COVID-19: a comparison between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 states” http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000632 as follows:
1. The assertion that CVS causes sore eyes is true. However, as the author suggests, CVS syndrome causes other eye symptoms including photophobia, tearing, itching eye and red eye. Our study examined these symptoms too and compared pre-COVID states to during-COVID states. Apart from sore eyes – no significant differences were shown in our study. In fact, the reported prevalence of dry eye which is the most commonly reported symptom of CVS as people ‘forget’ to blink, actually reduced during COVID state. In addition, participants reported the duration of the eye symptoms - usually between 1-3 weeks - which tallied with the experience of other COVID-19 symptoms such as dry cough and fever. Therefore it is not likely that the sore eyes symptoms were caused by CVS.
2. Regarding the transmission – it may be possible that virus spreads from the oropharynx through the lacrimal canal to the conjunctiva (as mentioned by the author of the letter as a personal opinion [1]) - or it may indeed be from the conjunctival into the nasal meatus as shown for SARS virus [2]. Unless more evidence is available it is not possible to confirm.
3. We agree that conjunctivitis is a general term that describes "inflammation of conjunctiva". As mentioned in our paper we wanted to further describe the most commonly reported symptoms that are experienced during COVID-19 state as ‘conjunctivitis’ in a very general term as it includes symptoms such as gritty eyes and muco-purulent discharge (associated with bacterial conjunctivitis) which were not reported in our participants infected with COVID-19.
References:
1. Solomon A. Eye Involvement and Care during COVID – 19 Pandemic. Medical Research Archives 2020;8. doi:10.18103/mra.v8i7.2158
2. Tong TR, Lam BH, Ng T, et al. Conjunctiva-Upper Respiratory Tract Irrigation for Early Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003;41:5352–5352. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.11.5352.2003
Professor Shahina Pardhan
Dr Havovi Chichger
Megan Vaughan
(on behalf of the authors)
Sore eyes is a symptom which can be found in a large population with no COVID-19 involvement. It is a very common symptom in a large population starting from early child age to older age above 60 years. The modern life, which force people to use virtual screens in their every day work , and the exposure to the mobilescreen, in an epidemic form, are the cause of sore eyes and photophobia too. A new eye disease appeared ,in our modern world , about three decades ago. The disease is called Computer Visual Syndrome (CVS). It is presented by sore eye,photophobia,tearing, itchinh, red eye . It is the result of diminish of blinking during screen work and creating dry eye condition. The population presented in this article included young to old age people. Many people may have already CVS with no sore eye at the begining.When examining them , the conjunctiva is red and smoothness is lost. We may hypotise that many people included in the presented study did have already CVS whic was agravated by COVID-19.
Regarding the transmition of COVID-19 through conjunctiva. We must take in consideration that the tight connection of the conjunctiva to the oropharinx space through the lacrimal canal might be a source of infection of the conjunctiva from that site. The first days, the persons who are already contaminated by COVID-19 are with no symptoms. The virus may spread from the oropharinx through the lacrimal canal to the conjunctiva and starts the conjunctival reaction. ...
Sore eyes is a symptom which can be found in a large population with no COVID-19 involvement. It is a very common symptom in a large population starting from early child age to older age above 60 years. The modern life, which force people to use virtual screens in their every day work , and the exposure to the mobilescreen, in an epidemic form, are the cause of sore eyes and photophobia too. A new eye disease appeared ,in our modern world , about three decades ago. The disease is called Computer Visual Syndrome (CVS). It is presented by sore eye,photophobia,tearing, itchinh, red eye . It is the result of diminish of blinking during screen work and creating dry eye condition. The population presented in this article included young to old age people. Many people may have already CVS with no sore eye at the begining.When examining them , the conjunctiva is red and smoothness is lost. We may hypotise that many people included in the presented study did have already CVS whic was agravated by COVID-19.
Regarding the transmition of COVID-19 through conjunctiva. We must take in consideration that the tight connection of the conjunctiva to the oropharinx space through the lacrimal canal might be a source of infection of the conjunctiva from that site. The first days, the persons who are already contaminated by COVID-19 are with no symptoms. The virus may spread from the oropharinx through the lacrimal canal to the conjunctiva and starts the conjunctival reaction.
Conjunctivitis is a general term which describes "inflammation of conjunctiva" and it can be used here also as COVID-19 conjunctivitis. Many reports, about such type of conjunctivits, were already published.It seems that the cases are 1,5% - 3% of the total the COVID-19 diagnosed people who were hospitalizedand according to which demographic origin is the report.
We read with great interest the recent publication by Stellwagen et al titled 'Personal hygiene risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis'.[1] Findings by Stellwagen et al mirror patterns of modifiable behavioural risk factors for contact lens-related keratitis seen in our practice. We recently evaluated the prevalence of behavioural risk factors, as well as contact lens-related education given to our patients.
We recruited 100 consecutive patients referred with contact lens-related keratitis to an acute ophthalmology clinic at a tertiary eye hospital in Edinburgh, UK. A set questionnaire covering contact lens hygiene and recall of contact lens related education was used as part of the history taking process on presentation.
98 out of 100 patients were soft contact lens wearers, with 34% purchasing contact lenses online. 61 out of 100 reported receiving advice regarding contact lens usage and hygiene on initial purchase only and none thereafter. Seven percent did not recall receiving any contact lens-related advice at all. Contact lenses (excluding extended wear contact lenses) were worn for a median duration of 12 hours per day (Range 4.5-18). 27 out of 100 reported wearing contact lenses longer than prescribed for their specified lens type (eg. monthly or fortnightly disposable contact lenses) and 27 out of 100 reported swimming in their contact lenses. Excluding extended wear contact lens users, 17 out of 84 report...
We read with great interest the recent publication by Stellwagen et al titled 'Personal hygiene risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis'.[1] Findings by Stellwagen et al mirror patterns of modifiable behavioural risk factors for contact lens-related keratitis seen in our practice. We recently evaluated the prevalence of behavioural risk factors, as well as contact lens-related education given to our patients.
We recruited 100 consecutive patients referred with contact lens-related keratitis to an acute ophthalmology clinic at a tertiary eye hospital in Edinburgh, UK. A set questionnaire covering contact lens hygiene and recall of contact lens related education was used as part of the history taking process on presentation.
98 out of 100 patients were soft contact lens wearers, with 34% purchasing contact lenses online. 61 out of 100 reported receiving advice regarding contact lens usage and hygiene on initial purchase only and none thereafter. Seven percent did not recall receiving any contact lens-related advice at all. Contact lenses (excluding extended wear contact lenses) were worn for a median duration of 12 hours per day (Range 4.5-18). 27 out of 100 reported wearing contact lenses longer than prescribed for their specified lens type (eg. monthly or fortnightly disposable contact lenses) and 27 out of 100 reported swimming in their contact lenses. Excluding extended wear contact lens users, 17 out of 84 reported sleeping and 40 out of 84 showering whilst wearing contact lenses. 18 respondents reported using tap water to clean contact lenses. 42 out of 100 had experienced at least one previous microbial keratitis requiring treatment while wearing contact lenses. Worryingly, the proportion of patients partaking in at least one behavioural risk factor was similar in those with (70.6%) and without (67.4%) previous infections, indicating inadequacy of secondary preventative measures.
Our findings highlights that a large proportion of patients are exposed to risk factors increasing the risk of contact lens retailed complications as described by Stellwagen et al. We agree strongly with the authors that patient education is therefore essential to reduce contact lens-related infections, as this was lacking in a significant proportion of our patients. Educating prescribers of contact lenses and opportunistic contact lens education in clinics is needed to improve patient awareness of risk factors. Purchase of contact lenses online poses further challenges to patient education. Findings by Stellwagen et al will give clinicians valuable tools in quantifying risks of certain risk factors when discussing these with patients and hopefully lead to improved concordance with contact lens advice.
1. Stellwagen A, MacGregor C, Kung R, et al Personal hygiene risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis BMJ Open Ophthalmology 2020;5:e000476. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000476
Dear Aditi Das, Daniel Smith and Rashmi Mathew,
Thank you for your interesting and important article exploring predictors of career success in ophthalmology. It is vital that we examine the factors that both enable and hinder career progression in medicine and surgery, as these affect the wellbeing and retention of doctors, arguably two of the biggest issues currently afflicting our profession. In addition, tackling differential attainment in doctors' career success is a matter of ensuring our core values of equality, diversity and inclusion are upheld in healthcare. Resultantly, differential attainment has become a research priority for key stakeholders, including the national bodies of the General Medical Council (GMC), Health Education England, the British Medical Association and the Royal Colleges.
Your article stated that for your study's cohort, there was no association between ethnicity and passing the FRCOphth Part 1 on the first attempt. Conversely, the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) announced that GMC data found a statistically significant variation in the percentage of doctors passing FRCOphth examinations on their first attempt, depending on place of primary medical qualification and ethnicity. White UK graduates had a 72% pass rate, while BAME (Black, Asian or minority ethnic) UK graduates had a 60% pass rate, reducing to 50% for international BAME graduates.(1) These results display one way in which differential attainmen...
Show MoreDear Editor,
We are thankful for the enriching comments on our article on the selenium (Se) insufficiency cut-off point value related to severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO).
We concur that the area under the ROC curve revealed an imperfect differentiation between mild and severe GO. Since GO is a multifactorial disease, a single trace element like selenium should be combined with other determinants in clinical practice. Nonetheless, finding from our study built upon the existing evidence on the association between selenium and GO by proposing a possible cut-off-point that should be further validated with a larger and/or different population. Also, future studies that include healthy individuals without orbitopathy will generate more obvious comparative evidence on the effects of Se on the disease course.
Universal normal ranges of serum selenium (Se) levels have not been set because of the geographical variability in selenium levels. The ‘sufficient’ levels of serum selenium have been relative to clinical parameters, e.g., prevention of Keshan disease at > 21 mcg/l, the optimal activity of IDIs (iodothyronine 5’ deiodinase) at > 65 mcg/l (1). The cut-point identified in our study was compatible with at least three studies (90mcg/l, 95mcg/l, and 89 mcg/l) regarding plasma selenium needed to achieve the full expression of plasma GPx (glutathione peroxidase) (1-3).
References
Show More1. Thomson CD. Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequ...
Lumyongsatien et al. investigated the risk of relative selenium (Se) insufficiency for the development of disease severity in 100 patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) (1). Thirty-two patients had mild GO and 68 had severe GO, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of Se level ≤93 µg/L for severe GO development was 8.14 (2.39 to 27.75). Abnormal thyroid status was also a risk factor for severe GO, presenting adjusted OR (95% CI) of 3.24 (1.04 to 10.04). The authors concluded that Se ≤93 µg/L was a risk factor for severe GO development, and I have a comment about their study.
The authors conducted a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the cut-off point for detecting severe GO, but the area under the curve was not so large in Figure 1. In addition, 95% CI for the adjusted OR presented a wide range. This means that ability of differentiating severe GO from mild GO by using serum Se may not be high, although there was a statistical significance. In addition, there is a need of study to specify the dose-response relationship between serum Se levels and severity of GO by including Graves' disease without orbitopathy. Anyway, further study is needed to determine the appropriate cut-off point of serum Se for detecting severe GO.
References
Show More1. Lumyongsatien M, Bhaktikamala U, Thongtong P, et al. Relative selenium insufficiency is a risk factor for developing severe Graves' orbitopathy: a case-con...
Dear Editor,
Show MoreThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the NHS and its patients is indisputably far reaching, and this study [1] provides a much-needed perspective into how healthcare seeking behaviours were influenced during this time. The Emergency Department Syndromic Survey System (EDISS) data showed Emergency departments (ED) across the country showed a 25-50% decrease in attendances [2], raising concerns that individuals with possibly, life-threatening illnesses were potentially avoiding hospitals rather than seeking medical attention in a timely manner [2]. By looking into how the general population evaluated the severity, urgency and impact of various eye symptoms [1], the authors provide us with a better understanding of the driving forces and barriers to seeking healthcare, by doing which, they shed light on areas for which nationwide public health messages might not be sufficiently educating people on the importance of accessing healthcare appropriately for conditions that can be life-threatening, or in this case sight-threatening.
The WHO declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a pandemic on 11th March 2020 [3]. Subsequently, the UK Government imposed a national lockdown on 23rd March 2020 [4], with the aim of reducing pressures on the NHS and curbing infection rates. “Vulnerable” individuals were advised to “shield” [5]. The NHS saw a transition from face-to-face consultations to increasingly more virtual consultations [6], with many elective procedures bei...
Dear editor,
I must thank Sarkar et al for their insightful study into the COVID effect on ocular symptoms. Although the pandemic has been raging on for close to 2 years now, there is still limited information on the ocular manifestation in COVID patients.
However, I would like to point out the lack of information on the demographic of their study group. Whilst Sarkar et al has provided information on the age group of participants, giving the readers the idea that the ocular manifestation is more prominent in higher age group, It failed to address the fact that gender plays an important factor too. As demonstrated in studies like Borrelli et al [1] and Nøland et al [2], symptoms such as dry eyes etc are much more common in the female population. Hence, the study would have been more convincing if the information on the gender of the participants were made available.
In addition to the point above, I would like to highlight that this study did not address the variation of severity of COVID infection in group 1. As concluded in studies like Johansson et al [3] and Son et al [4], there is substantial variation in symptoms among patients with similar viral load. This would bring to question as to whether the manifestation of ocular symptoms is directly influenced by the level of viral load itself or the severity of systemic COVID symptoms from.
Lastly, Sarkar et al should address if patients with severe COVID infection were excluded from the st...
Show MoreDear editor,
I appreciate that the time this study was conducted was during a political turmoil in the country, and I applaud the effort to recruit participants during this difficult time. This article has shed light on the differences in prevalence of visual impairment between the male and female population. Noticeably the number of male participants with complete blindness was 3832, in contrast with the female participants of 6015. Unfortunately, there is no breakdown of data for causes of blindness and visual impairment between the male and female population. Perhaps it would help explain the phenomenon.
The article has addressed the issue that there was difficulty obtaining female participants for this study due to the lack of female eye health personnel. Could this also mean that there is a lack of access to eye care for women for prevention of blindness.
The article begged a question as to where Afghanistan should focus its efforts when it comes to eye care. Perhaps a very important effort is to recruit more female ophthalmologist in the country to allow better access to eye care for the female population. Hopefully this will be taken into consideration in the country's effort to combat blindness when the political climate allows.
I read with interest the publication by Ramachandran et al, and offer the following comments.
Synthetic Bioresorbable polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets are widely used in surgery and have recently been applied to ulcers resulting from endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy treatment[1]. In vivo, PGA sheets undergo nonenzymatic hydrolysis with the resulting glycolic acid being completely metabolized in about 15 weeks. Animal and human studies have shown that PGA implantation provokes acute and prolonged inflammation by foreign-body reaction and localized acidification. In only a few hours, degraded PGA and glycolic acid induce acute inflammation, as demonstrated by neutrophil infiltration [2].
In the Ramachandran study, the safety of poly- lactic co- glycolic acid (PLGA) electrospun membranes as carriers for limbal tissue explants was demonstrated. The ocular surface remained clear with no epithelial defects in three in five subjects at 12 months. It should be noted that degradation of biosynthetic materials including PLGA triggers inflammatory reactions. Thereore in the package instructions and guidelines often recommends not to use these materials in ophthalmology. However, host inflammatory reactions could be controlled with adequate medications such as topical or systemic steroid administrations. Although in the article, no information on such medications was provided,I hope they would be providesd elsewhere. Then, The oph...
Show MoreDear Editor
Show MoreWe respond to the comments by Solomon regarding our manuscript entitled “Sore eyes as the most significant ocular symptom experienced by people with COVID-19: a comparison between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 states” http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000632 as follows:
1. The assertion that CVS causes sore eyes is true. However, as the author suggests, CVS syndrome causes other eye symptoms including photophobia, tearing, itching eye and red eye. Our study examined these symptoms too and compared pre-COVID states to during-COVID states. Apart from sore eyes – no significant differences were shown in our study. In fact, the reported prevalence of dry eye which is the most commonly reported symptom of CVS as people ‘forget’ to blink, actually reduced during COVID state. In addition, participants reported the duration of the eye symptoms - usually between 1-3 weeks - which tallied with the experience of other COVID-19 symptoms such as dry cough and fever. Therefore it is not likely that the sore eyes symptoms were caused by CVS.
2. Regarding the transmission – it may be possible that virus spreads from the oropharynx through the lacrimal canal to the conjunctiva (as mentioned by the author of the letter as a personal opinion [1]) - or it may indeed be from the conjunctival into the nasal meatus as shown for SARS virus [2]. Unless more evidence is available it is not possible t...
Sore eyes is a symptom which can be found in a large population with no COVID-19 involvement. It is a very common symptom in a large population starting from early child age to older age above 60 years. The modern life, which force people to use virtual screens in their every day work , and the exposure to the mobilescreen, in an epidemic form, are the cause of sore eyes and photophobia too. A new eye disease appeared ,in our modern world , about three decades ago. The disease is called Computer Visual Syndrome (CVS). It is presented by sore eye,photophobia,tearing, itchinh, red eye . It is the result of diminish of blinking during screen work and creating dry eye condition. The population presented in this article included young to old age people. Many people may have already CVS with no sore eye at the begining.When examining them , the conjunctiva is red and smoothness is lost. We may hypotise that many people included in the presented study did have already CVS whic was agravated by COVID-19.
Show MoreRegarding the transmition of COVID-19 through conjunctiva. We must take in consideration that the tight connection of the conjunctiva to the oropharinx space through the lacrimal canal might be a source of infection of the conjunctiva from that site. The first days, the persons who are already contaminated by COVID-19 are with no symptoms. The virus may spread from the oropharinx through the lacrimal canal to the conjunctiva and starts the conjunctival reaction.
...
We read with great interest the recent publication by Stellwagen et al titled 'Personal hygiene risk factors for contact lens-related microbial keratitis'.[1] Findings by Stellwagen et al mirror patterns of modifiable behavioural risk factors for contact lens-related keratitis seen in our practice. We recently evaluated the prevalence of behavioural risk factors, as well as contact lens-related education given to our patients.
Show MoreWe recruited 100 consecutive patients referred with contact lens-related keratitis to an acute ophthalmology clinic at a tertiary eye hospital in Edinburgh, UK. A set questionnaire covering contact lens hygiene and recall of contact lens related education was used as part of the history taking process on presentation.
98 out of 100 patients were soft contact lens wearers, with 34% purchasing contact lenses online. 61 out of 100 reported receiving advice regarding contact lens usage and hygiene on initial purchase only and none thereafter. Seven percent did not recall receiving any contact lens-related advice at all. Contact lenses (excluding extended wear contact lenses) were worn for a median duration of 12 hours per day (Range 4.5-18). 27 out of 100 reported wearing contact lenses longer than prescribed for their specified lens type (eg. monthly or fortnightly disposable contact lenses) and 27 out of 100 reported swimming in their contact lenses. Excluding extended wear contact lens users, 17 out of 84 report...
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