Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Moxifloxacin

A Review of its Use in the Management of Bacterial Infections

  • Adis Drug Evaluation
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Abstract

Moxifloxacin (Avelox®) is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial with a methoxy group in the C-8 position and a bulky C-7 side chain. Moxifloxacin is approved for use in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute bacterial sinusitis and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (approved indications may differ between countries).

Moxifloxacin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. It achieves good tissue penetration and has a convenient once-daily administration schedule, as well as being available in both intravenous and oral formulations in some markets. Moxifloxacin has good efficacy in the treatment of patients with AECB, CAP, acute bacterial sinusitis and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and is generally well tolerated. Thus, moxifloxacin is an important option in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Pharmacological Properties

In vitro, moxifloxacin is active against clinically relevant Gram-positive and -negative organisms, as well as atypical organisms and anaerobes. In vitro studies revealed that with moxifloxacin, the minimum concentration inhibiting 90% of strains (MIC90) was ≤0.5 μg/mL for S. pneumoniae, including strains with intermediate- and high-level penicillin resistance, S. pyogenes, meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin against these clinically relevant pathogens has been shown in vitro. In addition, pharmacodynamic models simulating the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin showed that the drug is associated with favourable area under the concentration-time curve: MIC and peak plasma concentration (Cmax): MIC ratios. Moxifloxacin retained greater activity against mutant bacterial strains than older fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and had a lower potential to select for resistant mutants.

Moxifloxacin was associated with slight QT interval prolongation in both healthy volunteers and patients, although the risk of cardiac toxicity is minimal when prescribing recommendations are adhered to.

Oral moxifloxacin has an absolute bioavailability of =90%. With oral moxi-floxacin 400mg once daily, a mean steady-state Cmax of 3.2–4.5 mg/L was reached in ≈1.5 hours. Mean Cmax with intravenous moxifloxacin was 4.2 mg/L. Moxifloxacin is widely distributed throughout the body. Concentrations of the drug in clinically relevant tissues and fluids (e.g. lung tissue, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages, sinus mucosa and adipose tissue) exceeded MIC90 values of clinically relevant pathogens. At steady state, the mean elimination half-life of oral or intravenous moxifloxacin 400mg once daily was 12.0–15.1 hours. The extent and rate of moxifloxacin absorption were reduced by the concomitant administration of an aluminium- and magnesium-containing antacid, an iron supplement or sucralfate.

Clinical Efficacy

The efficacy of oral moxifloxacin 400mg once daily has been examined in well designed clinical trials in the treatment of AECB, CAP, acute bacterial sinusitis and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. In addition, sequential therapy with intravenous then oral moxifloxacin 400mg once daily was examined in CAP. The duration of therapy varied according to the indication/study. In most studies, the primary endpoint was the clinical success rate at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit.

In patients with AECB, the clinical success rate at the TOC visit was 85–96% in patients receiving short-course treatment with moxifloxacin and 81–94% in patients receiving clarithromycin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime axetil, levofloxacin, amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The bacteriological success rate at the TOC visit was 77–96% in moxifloxacin recipients versus 62–96% in patients receiving comparator antibacterials; moxifloxacin was shown to be superior to clarithromycin or the comparator antibacterials amoxicillin, clarithromycin or cefuroxime axetil in two studies.

Sequential intravenous/oral therapy with moxifloxacin was at least as effective as comparator antibacterials in patients with CAP. Clinical success rates at the TOC visit were 83–93% in moxifloxacin recipients versus 80–89% in patients receiving alatrofloxacin/trovafloxacin or levofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with or without clarithromycin, ceftriaxone with or without erythromycin and ceftriaxone/cefuroxime axetil with or without azithromycin. Moxifloxacin was considered superior to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with or without clarithromycin. The bacteriological success rate was significantly higher with moxifloxacin than with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with or without clarithromycin at the TOC visit (94% vs 82%).

Continuous therapy with oral moxifloxacin had similar efficacy to comparator antibacterials in patients with CAP. At the end-of-therapy (EOT), TOC and follow-up visits, clinical success rates were 92–97%, 87–94% and 89–98%, respectively, with moxifloxacin and 90–95%, 87–94% and 89–99% with comparators (clarithromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid plus roxithromycin, amoxicillin, or amoxicillin and/or clarithromycin). Bacteriological success rates at the EOT, TOC and follow-up visits were 79–97%, 77% and 53–94%, respectively, in moxifloxacin recipients and 71–96%, 74% and 68–93% in recipients of comparator antibacterials.

In patients with acute bacterial sinusitis, clinical success rates at the EOT or TOC visit were 86–97% in moxifloxacin recipients versus 84–92% in recipients of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trovafloxacin or cefuroxime axetil. In terms of bacteriological success rates, moxifloxacin was shown to be superior to cefurox-ime axetil (95% vs 84%).

In patients with uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, the clinical success rate was 90–100% in moxifloxacin recipients and 89–93% in cefalexin recipients. Bacteriological success rates of 80–91% occurred with moxifloxacin and 80–94% with cefalexin.

Tolerability

Moxifloxacin is generally well tolerated, with most adverse events being of mild-to-moderate severity. In a meta-analysis of clinical trial data, the most commonly reported adverse effects (e.g. nausea, diarrhoea, dizziness and abdominal pain) were associated with gastrointestinal or CNS intolerance. Liver function test abnormalities seen with moxifloxacin were usually mild elevations in trans-aminase levels that resolved following cessation of therapy.

Moxifloxacin recipients do not appear to have an increased risk of relevant cardiac arrhythmias. No cases of torsade de pointes have been reported in clinical or postmarketing studies. Moxifloxacin is not associated with phototoxicity or severe/extensive joint disorders and does not have a clinically relevant effect on blood glucose homeostasis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VII
Table VIII
Table IX
Table VI
Table X
Fig. 1
Table XI

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Also registered as Avalox®, Actira®, Avelon®, Megaxin® and Izilox®. The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.

References

  1. Lode H, Garau J. Improving care for patients with respiratory tract infections. J Chemother 2002 Feb; 14 Suppl. 2: 22–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams SG, Anzueto A. Antibiotic therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Semin Respir Infect 2000; 15(3): 234–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Andriole VT. Overview of the fluoroquinolones: focus on moxifloxacin. Hosp Formul 2002; 37 Suppl. 3: 13–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Barman Balfour JA, Lamb HM. Moxifloxacin: a review of its clinical potential in the management of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Drugs 2000 Jan; 59(1): 115–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Muijsers RB, Jarvis B. Moxifloxacin in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. Drugs 2002; 62(6): 967–73; discussion 974-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Morrissey I, Colclough A, Viljoen L, et al. The comparative in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against respiratory tract pathogens isolated during 2003 from LIBRA Targeted Surveillance [abstract no. P527 plus poster]. 14th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 2004 May 1–4; Prague

  7. Dalhoff A. Dissociated resistance among fluoroquinolones [abstract]. Anti-Infect Drug Chemother 1998; 16 Suppl. 1: 75

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kubitza D, Delesen H. Influence of oral moxifloxacin on the QTc interval of healthy volunteers [abstract no. 811]. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2000 Sep 17–20; Toronto

  9. Hollister AS, Haverstock D, Choudhri S. Moxifloxacin has a favorable cardiovascular safety profile in patients taking concomitant QTc prolonging drugs [abstract no. 818]. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2000 Sep 17–20; Toronto

  10. Choudhri SH, Haverstock D, Kruesmann F. Safety of concomitant treatment with moxifloxacin and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [abstract no. i4]. Pharmacotherapy 2002 Oct; 22(10): 1324

    Google Scholar 

  11. Pestova E, Millichap JJ, Noskin GA, et al. Intracellular targets of moxifloxacin: a comparison with other fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000 May; 45(5): 583–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bearden DT, Danziger LH. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21 (10 Suppl. II): 224S–32S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Florea NR, Tessier PR, Zhang C, et al. Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin at simulated epithelial lining fluid drug concentrations against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Apr; 48(4): 1215–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Talan DA. Clinical perspectives on new antimicrobials: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Mar 15; 32 Suppl. 1: S64–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation. AVELOX® (moxifloxacin hydrochloride) tablets and AVELOX® I.V. (moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection): prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.bayerus.com [Accessed 2004 Jun 29]

  16. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: fourteenth informational supplement. Wayne (PA): National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2004. Report no: M100-S14 (M7)

  17. Hardy D, Amsterdam D, Mandell LA, et al. Comparative in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, and other antimicrobial agents against bloodstream isolates of Gram-positive cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 Mar; 44(3): 802–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Noviello S, Ianniello F, Leone S, et al. Comparative activity of garenoxacin and other agents by susceptibility and time-kill testing against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and respiratory pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003 Nov; 52(5): 869–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Speciale A, Musumeci R, Blandino G, et al. Minimal inhibitory concentrations and time-kill determination of moxifloxacin against aerobic and anaerobic isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002 Feb; 19(2): 111–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones ME, Staples AM, Critchley I, et al. Benchmarking the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against recent isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae: a European multi-centre study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000 Jul; 37: 203–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Johnson AP, Warner M, George RC, et al. Activity of moxifloxacin against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from England and Wales. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 Apr; 47(4): 411–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dorai-John T, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. Moxifloxacin sensitivity of respiratory pathogens in the United Kingdom. J Chemother 2002 Feb; 14(1): 19–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Liebowitz LD, Slabbert M, Huisamen A. National surveillance programme on susceptibility patterns of respiratory pathogens in South Africa: moxifloxacin compared with eight other antimicrobial agents. J Clin Pathol 2003 May; 56(5): 344–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Blondeau JM, Laskowski R, Bjarnason J, et al. Comparative in vitro activity of gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin against 4151 Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000 Feb; 14(1): 45–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Low DE, de Azavedo J, Weiss K, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 May; 46(5): 1295–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Doern GV, Heilmann KP, Huynh HK, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999–2000, including a comparison of resistance rates since 1994–1995. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Jun; 45(6): 1721–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Critchley IA, Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from respiratory and skin and soft tissue infections: United States LIBRA surveillance data from 1999. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002 Feb; 42(2): 129–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Deshpande LM, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of advanced-spectrum fluoroquinolones tested against more than 2000 contemporary bacterial isolates of species causing communityacquired respiratory tract infections in the United States (1999). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000 Jun; 37(2): 139–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jones ME, Staples AM, Critchley I, et al. Benchmarking the in vitro activities of moxifloxacin and comparator agents against recent respiratory isolates from 377 medical centers throughout the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 Oct; 44(10): 2645–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Betriu C, Redondo M, Palau ML, et al. Comparative in vitro activities of linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, moxifloxacin, and trovafloxacin against erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant streptococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 Jul; 44(7): 1838–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pérez-Trallero E, García-Rey C, Martin-Sanchez AM, et al. Activities of six different quinolones against clinical respiratory isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Aug; 46(8): 2665–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Johnson AP, Warner M, Livermore DM. Activity of moxifloxacin and other quinolones against pneumococci resistant to first-line agents, or with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001 May; 17(5): 377–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Roelofs-Willemse J. Comparative in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against Gram-positive clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000 Jan; 45(1): 31–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Athamna A, Massalha M, Athamna M, et al. In vitro susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis to various antibacterial agents and their time-kill activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004 Feb; 53(2): 247–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Edmiston CE, Krepel CJ, Seabrook GR, et al. In vitro activities of moxifloxacin against 900 aerobic and anaerobic surgical isolates from patients with intra-abdominal and diabetic foot infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Mar; 48(3): 1012–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jonas D, Engels I, Friedhoff C, et al. Efficacy of moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, clinafloxacin and levofloxacin against intracellular Legionella pneumophila. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 Feb; 47(2): 147–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Behra-Miellet J, Dubreuil L, Jumas-Bilak E. Antianaerobic activity of moxifloxacin compared with that of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole and β-lactams. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002 Nov; 20(5): 366–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ackermann G, Schaumann R, Pless B, et al. Comparative activity of moxifloxacin in vitro against obligately anaerobic bacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000 Mar; 19(3): 228–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rodriguez JC, Cebrián L, López M, et al. Mutant prevention concentration: comparison of fluoroquinolones and linezolid with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004 Mar; 53(3): 441–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gosling RD, Uiso LO, Sam NE, et al. The bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 Dec 1; 168(11): 1342–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Scheid WM. Maintaining fluoroquinolone class efficacy: review of influencing factors. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9(1): 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Zhanel GG, Ennis K, Vercaigne L, et al. A critical review of the fluoroquinolones: focus on respiratory infections. Drugs 2002; 62(1): 13–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Woodcock JM, Andrews JM, Boswell FJ, et al. In vitro activity of BAY 12-8039, a new flurorquinolone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 Jan; 41(1): 101–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Klugman KP, Capper T. Concentration-dependent killing of antibiotic resistant pneumococci by the methoxyquinolone moxifloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 797–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Esposito S, Noviello S, Ianniello F. Comparative in vitro activity of older and newer fluoroquinolones against respiratory tract pathogens. Chemotherapy 2000; 46(5): 309–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Boswell FJ, Andrews JM, Wise R. Pharmacodynamic properties of BAY 12-8039 on Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms as demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 Jun; 41(6): 1377–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Boswell FJ, Andrews JM, Wise R, et al. Bactericidal properties of moxifloxacin and post-antibiotic effect. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43 Suppl. B: 43–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Boswell FJ, Andrews JM, Jevons G, et al. Comparison of the in vitro activities of several new fluoroquinolones against respiratory pathogens and their abilities to select fluoroquinolone resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 Oct; 50(4): 495–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Souli M, Wennersten CB, Eliopoulos GM. In vitro activity of BAY 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone, against species representative of respiratory tract pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998; 10: 23–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stein GE, Schooley S, Tyrrell KL, et al. Bactericidal activities of methoxyfluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin against aerobic and anaerobic respiratory pathogens in serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Apr; 47(4): 1308–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nightingale CH. Moxifloxacin, a new antibiotic designed to treat community-acquired respiratory tract infections: a review of microbiologic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characteristics. Pharmacotherapy 2000 Mar; 20(3): 245–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Weigel LM, Anderson GJ, Facklam RR, et al. Genetic analyses of mutations contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Dec; 45(12): 3517–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhanel GG, Walkty A, Nichol K, et al. Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from across Canada. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003 Jan; 45(1): 63–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Dalhoff A. Comparative in vitro and in vivo activity of the C-8 methoxy quinolone moxifloxacin and the C-8 chlorine quinolone BAY y 3118. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Mar 15; 32 Suppl. 1: S16–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Allen GP, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ. Activities of mutant prevention concentration-targeted moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Aug; 47(8): 2606–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Houssaye S, Gutmann L, Varon E. Topoisomerase mutations associated with in vitro selection of resistance to moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Aug; 46(8): 2712–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Li X, Zhao X, Drlica K. Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Feb; 46(2): 522–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ince D, Zhang X, Hooper DC. Activity of and resistance to moxifloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Apr; 47(4): 1410–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Schmitz F-J, Hofmann B, Hansen B, et al. Relationship between ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin and moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039) MICs and mutations in grlA, grlB, gyrA and gyrB in 116 unrelated clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 481–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Garrison MW, Schimmels JA, Madaras-Kelly KJ. In vitro pharmacodynamic activity of gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae containing specific mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003 Dec; 47(4): 587–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Piddock LJV, Johnson M, Ricci V, et al. Activities of new fluoroquinolones against fluoroquinolone-resistant pathogens of the lower respiratory tract. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 Nov; 42(11): 2956–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Brueggemann AB, Coffman SL, Rhomberg P, et al. Fluoro-quinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in United States since 1994–1995. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Mar; 46(3): 680–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Schmitz FJ, Fischer A, Boos M, et al. Quinolone-resistance mechanisms and in vitro susceptibility patterns among European isolates of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20(3): 219–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rodriguez JC, Llinares F, Royo G. In vitro development of resistance to three quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chemotherapy 2001 Jan–Feb; 47(1): 39–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mayer S, Boos M, Köhrer K. In vitro development of resistance to newer fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001 Apr; 20(4): 288–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Blondeau JM, Zhao X, Hansen G, et al. Mutant prevention concentrations of fluoroquinolones for clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Feb; 45(2): 433–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. MacGowan A, Rogers C, Bowker K. The use of in vitro pharmacodynamic models of infection to optimize fluoroquinolone dosing regimens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46(2): 163–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Esposito S, Noviello S, Ianniello F. Bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin compared to grepafloxacin and clarithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes investigated using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. J Chemother 2000 Dec; 12(6): 475–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kays MB, Denys GA. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility, resistance, and pharmacodynamics versus clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Indiana. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001 Aug; 40(4): 193–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lister PD, Sanders CC. Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 Jun; 47(6): 811–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lister PD. Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Mar 15; 32 Suppl. 1: S33–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. MacGowan AP, Bowker KE, Wootton M, et al. The in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis explored using a pharmacodynamic model. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999 Apr; 5(4): 195–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. MacGowan AP, Bowker KE, Wootton M, et al. Exploration of the in-vitro pharmacodynamic activity of moxifloxacin for Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci of Lancefield groups A and G. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999 Dec; 44(6): 761–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Odenholt I, Löwdin E, Gustafsson I, et al. Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin against Streptococcus pyogenes in an in vitro kinetic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jun; 46(6): 2046–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Saravolatz L, Manzor O, Check C, et al. Antimicrobial activity of moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin and six fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 Jun; 47(6): 875–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Wright DH, Gunderson BW, Hovde LB, et al. Comparative pharmacodynamics of three newer fluoroquinolones versus six strains of staphylococci in an in vitro model under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 May; 46(5): 1561–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Coyle EA, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ. Activities of newer fluoroquinolones against ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Jun; 45(6): 1654–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Zhanel GG, Roberts D, Waltky A, et al. Pharmacodynamic activity of fluoroquinolones against ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 May; 49(5): 807–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dalhoff A, Schmitz FJ. In vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacodynamics of new quinolones. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003 Apr; 22(4): 203–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Dalhoff A. Pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43 Suppl. B: 51–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Zinner SH, Lubenko IY, Gilbert D, et al. Emergence of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model that simulates moxifloxacin concentrations inside and outside the mutant selection window: related changes in susceptibility, resistance frequency and bacterial killing. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003 Sep 1; 52: 616–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Xuan D, Zhong M, Mattoes H, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae response to repeated moxifloxacin or levofloxacin exposure in a rabbit tissue cage model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Mar; 45(3): 794–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Noel GJ, Natarajan J, Chien S, et al. Effects of three fluoroquinolones on QT interval in healthy adults after single doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003 Apr; 73(4): 292–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kang J, Wang L, Chen XL, et al. Interactions of a series of fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs with the human cardiac K+ channel HERG. Mol Pharmacol 2001 Jan; 59(1): 122–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Stahlmann R, Lode H. Toxicity of quinolones. Drugs 1999; 58 Suppl. 2: 37–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. von Keutz E, Schlüter G. Preclinical safety evaluation of moxifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43 Suppl. B: 91–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Lode H, Kubin R, Reiter C. Safety update of oral moxifloxacin: a review of worldwide post-marketing surveillance [abstract no. P1380]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002 Apr; 8 Suppl. 1: 323–324 plus poster presented at the 12th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 2002 Apr 21–24; Milan

    Google Scholar 

  88. Jeffrey AM, Shao L, Brendler-Schwaab SY, et al. Photochemical mutagenicity of phototoxic and photochemically carcinogenic fluoroquinolones in comparison with the photostable moxifloxacin. Arch Toxicol 2000 Nov; 74(9): 555–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Stahlmann R, Lode H. Fluoroquinolones in the elderly: safety considerations. Drugs Aging 2003; 20(4): 289–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Stass H, Kubitza D. Pharmacokinetics and elimination of moxifloxacin after oral and intravenous administration in man. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43 Suppl. B: 83–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Lettieri J, Vargas R, Agarwal V, et al. Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of moxifloxacin 400mg in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 19–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stass H, Kubitza D. Effects of dairy products on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 33–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lode H. Evidence of different profiles of side effects and drug-drug interactions among the quinolones: the pharmacokinetic standpoint. Chemotherapy 2001; 47 Suppl. 3: 24–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Stass H, Kubitza D, Schühly U. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, after repeated oral administration. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Burkhardt O, Borner K, Sta\ H, et al. Single-and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of oral moxifloxacin and clarithromycin, and concentrations in serum, saliva and faeces. Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34(12): 898–903

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wise R, Andrews JM, Marshall G, et al. Pharmacokinetics and inflammatory-fluid penetration of moxifloxacin following oral or intravenous administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Jun; 43(6): 1508–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Stass H, Dalhoff A, Kubitza D, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending single doses of moxifloxacin, a new 8-methy quinolone, administered to healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 Aug; 42(8): 2060–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Sullivan JT, Woodruff M, Lettieri J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily oral dose of moxifloxacin (Bay 12-8039), a new enantiomerically pure 8-methoxy quinolone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Nov; 43(11): 2793–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Stass H, Stab H, Kruesmann F. Population pharmacokientics of moxifloxacin intravenous in healthy subjects and patients with community-acquired pneumonia [abstract no. O175]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002 Apr; 8 Suppl. 1: 24

    Google Scholar 

  100. Breilh D, Jougon J, Djabarouti S, et al. Diffusion of oral and intravenous 400 mg once-daily moxifloxacin into lung tissue at pharmacokinetic steady-state. J Chemother 2003 Dec; 15(6): 558–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Gehanno P, Darantière S, Dubreuil C, et al. A prospective, multicentre study of moxifloxacin concentrations in the sinus mucosa tissue of patients undergoing elective surgery of the sinus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 May; 49(5): 821–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Leone M, Albanèse J, Sampol-Manos E, et al. Moxifloxacin penetration in bronchial secretions of mechanically ventilated patients with pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Feb; 48(2): 638–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Müller M, Sta\ H, Brunner M, et al. Penetration of moxifloxacin into peripheral compartements in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 Oct; 43(10): 2345–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Soman A, Honeybourne D, Andrews J, et al. Concentrations of moxifloxacin in serum and pulmonary compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999 Dec; 44(6): 835–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Joukhadar C, Stass H, Müller-Zellenberg U, et al. Penetration of moxifloxacin into healthy and inflamed subcutaneous adipose tissues in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Oct; 47(10): 3099–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Moise PA, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of moxifloxacin. Drugs Today 2000; 36(4): 229–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sullivan JT, Lettieri JT, Liu P, et al. The influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 11–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Tanaka T, Yoshikawa K, Orii Y, et al. Interethnic difference in the pharmacokinetics of a novel quinolone antibiotic, BAY 12-8039 (moxifloxacin) and estimations of its clinical dose [abstract]. Rinsho Yakuri 1999 Jan; 30: 231–2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Stass H, Kubitza D, Halabi A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxy-quinolone, in patients with renal dysfunction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002 Mar; 53(3): 232–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Stass HH, Dammer S, Kubitza D, et al. No dose adjustment is needed for patients undergoing hemodialysis receiving oral moxifloxacin [abstract no. A-1383]. 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2002 Sep 27–30; San Diego

  111. Stass HH, Dammer S, KubitzaD, etal. Influence of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis on the kinetics of oral moxifloxacin [abstract no. A-1384]. 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2002 Sep 27–30; San Diego

  112. Stass H, Kubitza D, Wensing G. Pooled analysis of pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of single oral 400mg moxifloxacin (MFX) doses in patients with mild and moderate liver cirrhosis (LC) [abstract no. 2269]. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2000 Sep 17–20; Toronto

  113. Stass H, Wandel C, Delesen H, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Stass H, Böttcher MF, Ochmann K. Evaluation of the influence of antacids and H2 antagonists on the absorption of moxifloxacin after oral administration of a 400mg dose to healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 39–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Stass H, Kubitza D. Effects of iron supplements on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Stass H, Schühly U, Möller JG, et al. Effects of sucralfate on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoro-quinolone, in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 49–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Shain CS, Whitaker AM, Amsden GW. Effects of oral contraceptives on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in premenopausal women. Clin Drug Invest 2002; 22(7): 429–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sta\ H, Nagelschmitz J, Moeller JG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin are not influenced by a 7-day pretreatment with 200 mg oral itraconazole given once a day in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004 Jan; 42(1): 23–9

    Google Scholar 

  119. Stass H, Sachse R. Effect of probenecid on the kinetics of a single oral 400mg dose of moxifloxacin in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 71–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Hollister AS, Agarwal V, Dain B, et al. Absence of drug interaction between oral moxifloxacin and intramuscular morphine sulfate in healthy volunteers. Clin Drug Invest 2001; 21(1): 79–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Stass H, Kubitza D. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, and theophylline. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 Suppl. 1: 63–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Müller FO, Hundt HKL, Muir AR, et al. Study to investigate the influence of 400 mg BAY 12-8039 (M) given once daily to healthy volunteers on PK and PD of warfarin (W) [abstract no. A-13]. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1998 Sep 24–27; San Diego

  123. Stass H, Kubitza D. Profile of moxifloxacin drug interactions. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Mar 15; 32 Suppl. 1: S47–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Horstmann R, Delesen H, Dietrich H, et al. No drug-drug interaction between moxifloxacin and β-acetyldigoxin [abstract no. 604]. J Clin Pharmacol 1998 Sep; 38(9): 879

    Google Scholar 

  125. Chodosh S, DeAbate CA, Haverstock D, et al. Short-course moxifloxacin therapy for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respir Med 2000 Jan; 94(1): 18–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. DeAbate CA, Mathew CP, Warner JH, et al. The safety and efficacy of short course (5-day) moxifloxacin vs. azithromycin in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Respir Med 2000 Nov; 94(11): 1029–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Hautamaki D, Bruya T, Kureishi A, et al. Short-course (5-day) moxifloxacin versus 7-day levofloxacin therapy for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Today’s Ther Trends 2001; 19(2): 117–36

    Google Scholar 

  128. Wilson R, Kubin R, Ballin I, et al. Five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999 Oct; 44(4): 501–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2004 Mar 12; 125(3): 953–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Grassi C, Casali L, Curti E, et al. Efficacy and safety of short course (5-day) moxifloxacin vs 7-day ceftriaxone in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB). J Chemother 2002 Dec; 14(6): 597–608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kreis SR, Herrera N, Golzar N, et al. A comparison of moxifloxacin and azithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Clin Outcomes Manage 2000 Dec; 7(12): 33–7

    Google Scholar 

  132. Schaberg T, Ballin I, Huchon G, et al. A multinational, multi-centre, non-blinded, randomized study of moxifloxacin oral tablets compared with co-amoxiclav oral tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J Int Med Res 2001; 29(4): 314–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Starakis I, Gogos CA, Bassaris H. Five-day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7-day co-amoxiclav therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004 Feb; 23(2): 129–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Li-McLeod J, Perfetto EM. Workplace costs associated with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a comparison of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin. Manag Care Interface 2001 Feb; 14(2): 52–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. File Jr TM, Larsen LS, Fogarty CM, et al. Safety and efficacy of sequential (IV to PO) moxifloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Today’s Ther Trends 2001; 19(4): 251–70

    Google Scholar 

  136. Beecroft MD, Herman-Gnjidic Z, Poulin-Costello M, et al. Moxifloxacin in ambulatory pneumonia (MAP): clinical efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in Canadian patients [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 Apr; 165(8): A781

    Google Scholar 

  137. Fogarty C, Grossman C, Williams J, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin vs clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Med 1999 Nov; 16(11): 748–63

    Google Scholar 

  138. Hoeffken G, Meyer HP, Winter J, et al. The efficacy and safety of two oral moxifloxacin regimens compared to oral clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 2001 Jul; 95(7): 553–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Petitpretz P, Arvis P, Marel M, et al. Oral moxifloxacin vs high-dosage amoxicillin in the treatment of mild-to-moderate, community-acquired, suspected pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Chest 2001 Jan; 119(1): 185–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Torres A, Muir JF, Corris P, et al. Effectiveness of oral moxifloxacin in standard first-line therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2003 Jan; 21(1): 135–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Weite T, Bauer T. Treatment with sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin was asscociated with faster clinical improvement and earlier discharge from hospital in CAP patients requiring initial parenteral therapy compared with standard therapy [abstract no. O373]. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004 May; 10 Suppl. 3: 72–72 plus oral presentation at the 14th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; 2004 May 1–4; Prague

    Google Scholar 

  142. Finch R, Schürmann D, Collins O, et al. Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous (i.V.) and oral moxifloxacin compared with sequential i.v. iand oral co-amoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring initial parenteral treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jun; 46(6): 1746–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Fogarty C, Larsen S, Jackson T, et al. Sequential intravenous to oral moxifloxacin monotherapy for community-acquired pneumonia [abstract no. 147]. Pharmacotherapy 2002 Oct; 22(10): 1349

    Google Scholar 

  144. Portier H, Zuck P, Garre M, et al. Moxifloxacin (MXF) versus amoxiciallin/clavulanate (AMX/CA) + roxithromycin (RXT) in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) adults with risk factors [abstract no. L-1594 plus poster]. 43rd Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2003 Sep 14–17; Chicago

  145. Lode H, Grossman C, Choudri S, et al. Sequential IV/PO moxifloxacin treatment of patients with severe community acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 2003; 97: 1134–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Larsen S, Choudhri S, Haverstock D, et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential (IV to PO) moxifloxacin for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia due to atypical pathogens [abstract no. L-865]. 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2001 Sep 22–25; Chicago

  147. Drummond MF, Becker DL, Hux M, et al. An economic evaluation of sequential IV/po moxifloxacin therapy compared to IV/po co-amoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2003 Aug; 124(2): 526–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Drummond M, Chancellor J, Duprat-Lomon I, et al. Moxifloxacin in hospital treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a cost-effectiveness analysis across four European countries. EJHP 2004; 1: 67–75

    Google Scholar 

  149. Baz MN, Jannetti W, Villanueva C, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of moxifloxacin compared to trovafloxacin in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Today’s Ther Trends 1999; 17(4): 303–19

    Google Scholar 

  150. Burke T, Villanueva C, Mariano H, et al. Comparison of moxifloxacin and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute maxillay sinusitis. Clin Ther 1999 Oct; 21(10): 1664–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Siegert R, Gehanno P, Nikolaidis P, et al. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039) and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults. Respir Med 2000 Apr; 94(4): 337–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Klossek JM, Siegert R, Nikolaidis P, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin for the treatment of acute, bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. J Laryngol Otol 2003 Jan; 117(1): 43–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rakkar S, Roberts K, Towe BF, et al. Moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin clavulanate in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis: a primary care experience. Int J Clin Pract 2001 Jun; 55(5): 309–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Leal del Rosal P, Fabian G, Vick-Fragoso R, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin (MXF) vs cephalexin (with or without metronidazole) in the treatment of mild to moderate uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (uSSSI) [abstract no. 1076]. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1999 Sep 26–29; San Diego

  155. Leal del Rosal P, Martinez R, Fabian G, et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin vs cephalexin in the treatment of mild to moderate uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (USSSI) [abstract no. P493]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999 Jul; 44 Suppl. A: 148

    Google Scholar 

  156. Parish LC, Routh HB, Miskin B, et al. Moxifloxacin versus cephalexin in the treatment of uncomplicated skin infections. Int J Clin Pract 2000 Oct; 54(8): 497–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Ball P, Stahlmann R, Kubin R, et al. Safety profile of oral and intravenous moxifloxacin: cumulative data from clinical trials and postmarketing studies. Clin Ther 2004; 26(7): 940–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Iannini PB. General safety of moxifloxacin. Hosp Formul 2002; 37 Suppl. 3: 32–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Data on file, Bayer, 2004

  160. Gavin JR, Kubin R, Choudri S, et al. Moxifloxacin and glucose homeostasis. Drug Saf 2004; 27(9): 671–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Avelox 400 mg tablets: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.emea.eu.int [Accessed 2004 Mar 22]

  162. Sahm DF, Weaver MK, Flamm RK, et al. Rates of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: results from the TRUST 7 (2002-2003) surveillance study [abstract no. 201]. 41st Annual Meeting of the IDSA; 2003 Oct 9–12; San Diego

  163. Cunha BA. Penicillin resistance in pneumococcal pneumonia: antibiotics with low resistance potential are effective and pose less risk. Postgrad Med 2003; 113(1): 42–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Bantar C, Bavestrello L, Curcio D, et al. Acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from a South American working group (ConsenSur). J Chemother 2002; 14 Suppl. 4: 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  165. Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, et al. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Dec 1; 37: 1405–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax 2001 Dec; 56 Suppl. 4: IV1–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31(2): 383–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 Jun; 163(7): 1730–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Ball P. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13(2): 171–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. European Study on Community-acquired Pneumonia (ESO-CAP) Committee. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 986–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Balter M, La Forge J, Low DE, et al. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Can Respir J 2003; 10 Suppl. B: 3B–32B

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Obaji A, Sethi S. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: what role for the new fluoroquinolones? Drugs & Aging 2001; 18(1): 1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Brook I, Gooch III WM, Reiner SA, et al. Medical management of acute bacterial sinusitis: recommendations of a clinical advisory committee on pediatric and adult sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000; 109 Suppl.: 2–20

    Google Scholar 

  174. Anon JB, Jacobs MR, Poole MD, et al. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis 2004. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004 Jan; 130 (1 Suppl.): 1–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Blondeau JM. The role of fluoroquinolones in skin and skin structure infections. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 3(1): 37–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Ball P. New antibiotics for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections: improved activity at a cost? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000 Nov; 16(3): 263–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Saravolatz LD, Leggett J. Gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin: the role of 3 newer fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Nov 1; 37(9): 1210–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Genesoft Pharmaceuticals. FACTIVE® (gemifloxacin mesylate) tablets: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.factive.com [Accessed 2004 Apr 6]

  179. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Tequin® (gatifloxacin) tablets and injection: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.bms.com [Accessed 2004 Apr 6]

  180. European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Points to consider: the assessment of the potential for QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular medicinal products [online]. Available from URL: http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/swp/098696en.pdf [Accessed 2004 Mar 29]

  181. Fish DN. Fluoroquinolone adverse effects and drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21 (10 Suppl. II): 253S–72S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adis International Limited, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 1311, New Zealand

    Gillian M. Keating & Lesley J. Scott

Authors
  1. Gillian M. Keating
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lesley J. Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gillian M. Keating.

Additional information

Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: C. Bantar, Hospital San Martin, Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina; J.M. Blondeau, Department of Microbiology, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; M.B. Kays, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University School of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; L.D. Liebowitz, Department of Medical Microbiology, Tygerberg Hospital and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; P.D. Lister, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; T. Schaberg, Zentrum fur Pneumologie, Diakoniekrankenhaus, Rotenburg, Germany; A. Speciale, Department of Microbiological and Gynaecological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; R. Wilson, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.

Data Selection

Sources: Medical literature published in any language since 2000 on moxifloxacin, identified using Medline and EMBASE, supplemented by AdisBase (a proprietary database of Adis International). Additional references were identified from the reference lists of published articles. Bibliographical information, including contributory unpublished data, was also requested from the company developing the drug.

Search strategy: Medline search terms were ‘moxifloxacin’ or ‘BAY-128039’. EMBASE search terms were ‘moxifloxacin’. AdisBase search terms were ‘moxifloxacin’ or ‘BAY-12-8039’. Searches were last updated 30 August 2004.

Selection: Studies in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections or uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections who received moxifloxacin. Inclusion of studies was based mainly on the methods section of the trials. When available, large, well controlled trials with appropriate statistical methodology were preferred. Relevant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data are also included.

Index terms: Moxifloxacin, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, sinusitis, skin and skin structure infections, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keating, G.M., Scott, L.J. Moxifloxacin. Drugs 64, 2347–2377 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200464200-00006

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200464200-00006

Keywords

Search

Navigation