Original articleGlobal Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Section snippets
Systematic Review Process
The review followed the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines for reporting our systematic reviews and meta-analyses.36 We performed a literature search in the electronic databases of PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science. We limited our search to English publications and made a final search on March 25, 2013.
In our literature search, we included a combination of keywords, such as glaucoma, prevalence, epidemiology, population, and survey, in the form of title words or
Results
Figure 1 shows the article selection process for studies included in the final meta-analyses. In brief, a total of 3035 individual studies were identified and underwent review, and 2985 studies were excluded (Fig 1). Ultimately, 50 glaucoma prevalence–related articles were included in the final meta-analysis. In the event where age group, gender, and ethnic group–specific data were not readily available from published articles, we further contacted respective authors for request of relevant
Discussion
Our analysis provides comprehensive, up-to-date estimations on the current worldwide glaucoma prevalence and future projections on the number of people with glaucoma. We estimated the global prevalence of glaucoma to be 3.54%, with the highest prevalence in Africa. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide (aged 40–80 years) will increase from 64.3 million in 2013 to 111.8 million in 2040, disproportionally affecting people residing in Asia and Africa.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Harry Quigley (Proyecto Eye Study), David Friedman (Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study), Radoslaw Kaczmarek (The Wroclaw Epidemiological Study), Hua Zhong and Yuansheng Yuan (The Yunnan Minority Eye Study), Robert Casson (Kandy Eye Study), Fotis Topouzis (The Thessaloniki Eye Study), Paul Mitchell (Blue Mountains Eye Study), and Lisandro Sakata (Projecto Glaucoma) for providing raw data for age- and gender-specific POAG prevalence rates from their respective studies.
References (76)
- et al.
The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese: the Tajimi Study
Ophthalmology
(2004) - et al.
Prevalence of glaucoma in North China: the Beijing Eye Study
Am J Ophthalmol
(2010) - et al.
Prevalence of glaucoma in a rural northern China adult population: a population-based survey in Kailu County, Inner Mongolia
Ophthalmology
(2011) - et al.
Differential associations of myopia with major age-related eye diseases: the Singapore Indian Eye Study
Ophthalmology
(2013) - et al.
A population-based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Glaucoma Study
Ophthalmology
(2012) - et al.
Prevalence of primary angle closure and primary angle-closure glaucoma in a southwestern rural population of Japan: the Kumejima Study
Ophthalmology
(2012) - et al.
Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in central South Korea: the Namil Study
Ophthalmology
(2011) - et al.
Prevalence and determinants of angle closure in central Sri Lanka: the Kandy Eye Study
Ophthalmology
(2009) - et al.
Epidemiology of primary glaucoma: prevalence, incidence, and blinding effects
Prog Brain Res
(2008) - et al.
Population-based studies in ophthalmology
Am J Ophthalmol
(2008)
Age and gender variations in age-related macular degeneration prevalence in populations of European ancestry: a meta-analysis
Ophthalmology
The Tajimi Study report 2: prevalence of primary angle closure and secondary glaucoma in a Japanese population
Ophthalmology
Angle closure in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study
Ophthalmology
Open-angle glaucoma in an urban population in southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study
Ophthalmology
Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey
Ophthalmology
Temba Glaucoma Study: a population-based cross-sectional survey in urban South Africa
Ophthalmology
The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in a population-based study in The Netherlands. The Rotterdam Study
Ophthalmology
Prevalence of glaucoma and intraocular pressure distribution in a defined population. The Egna-Neumarkt Study
Ophthalmology
Prevalence of glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Ophthalmology
Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study
Ophthalmology
Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Ophthalmology
Prevalence and predictors of open-angle glaucoma: results from the Visual Impairment Project
Ophthalmology
Glaucoma is second leading cause of blindness globally
Bull World Health Organ
The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020
Br J Ophthalmol
The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia
Br J Ophthalmol
The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among blacks and whites 73 years and older: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Glaucoma Study
Arch Ophthalmol
Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey
JAMA
Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in South Korea: the Namil study
Jpn J Ophthalmol
Angle closure in the Namil study in central South Korea
Arch Ophthalmol
Prevalence of glaucoma in rural Myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study
Br J Ophthalmol
The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys
Br J Ophthalmol
Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States
Arch Ophthalmol
Variations in primary open-angle glaucoma prevalence by age, gender, and race: a Bayesian meta-analysis
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in European derived populations: a systematic review
Br J Ophthalmol
The prevalence of glaucoma in adult rural Chinese populations of the Bai nationality in Dali: the Yunnan Minority Eye Study
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
Prevalence and risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in a rural northeast China population: a population-based survey in Bin County, Harbin
Eye (Lond)
Prevalence and risk factors for angle-closure disease in a rural Northeast China population: a population-based survey in Bin County, Harbin
Acta Ophthalmol
Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in a rural adult Chinese population: the Handan Eye Study
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
Cited by (4480)
Association Between Sociodemographic Factors and Self-reported Glaucoma in the National Health Interview Survey: A Population-Based Analysis
2024, American Journal of OphthalmologyPrediction of Visual Field Progression with Baseline and Longitudinal Structural Measurements Using Deep Learning
2024, American Journal of OphthalmologyAn endoplasmic reticulum-targeted NIR fluorescent nanoprobe for early diagnosis of glaucoma in vivo
2024, Sensors and Actuators B: ChemicalVision transformers for segmentation of disc and cup in retinal fundus images
2024, Biomedical Signal Processing and ControlLupane acetates in small molecule drug hybrids: Probing their inhibitory activity for carbonic anhydrase II
2024, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports
Supplemental material is available at www.aaojournal.org.
Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have made the following disclosure(s):
T.Y.W.: Member of the board of and a Consultant–Abbott, Novartis, Pfizer, Allergan, Bayer.
H.A.Q.: Consultant to and has received payment for lectures, including service on speakers bureaus–Zeiss; Expert testimony–Allergan; Receives book royalties; Stock/stock options–Graybug.
T.A.: Member of the board–Alcon, Allergan, MSD, Bausch & Lomb; Consultant–Alcon, Allergan, MSD, Bausch & Lomb, Quark; Grants pending–Alcon, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Allegan, Santen, Ellex, Ocular Therapeutics, Aquesys; Payment for lectures, including service on speakers bureaus–Alcon, Allergan, Santen, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Ellex, Pfizer.
C-Y.C.: Support–National Medical Research Council, Singapore (CSA/033/2012). The funding organization had no role in the design or conduct of this research.
- ∗
Y-C.T. and X.L. contributed equally to the manuscript.