Myopia in Adults with Retinopathy of Prematurity

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.01.026

American Journal of Ophthalmology

Volume 145, Issue 6, June 2008, Pages 1090-1094

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2008.01.026 Get rights and content

Purpose

To evaluate myopia in adults with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Design

Observational case series.

Methods

Axial length (AL), corneal radius (CR), and AL/CR ratio were measured in myopic adults with ROP using ultrasound A-scan biometry and keratometry, respectively.

Results

Twenty-five eyes of 18 patients (mean age, 48 years) were studied. Mean gestational age at birth was 29 weeks. The average refraction was −5.23 diopters, AL 24.43 mm, CR 7.45 mm, and AL/CR ratio 3.28. On average, myopic adults with ROP had a shorter AL and decreased CR (increased corneal curvature), but a similar AL/CR ratio, relative to adults with the same degree of myopia who were born full-term. Myopic adults with ROP also had increased lens thickness (LT) and shallow anterior chamber depth (ACD).

Conclusions

Myopic adults with ROP had a shorter AL and smaller CR than expected for their degree of myopia. However, AL/CR ratios for these patients were similar to the values of adults who were born full-term. These results suggest that the refractive element most responsible for myopia in adults with ROP is higher corneal curvature (decreased CR), whereas the predominant factor in adult myopic individuals who were born full-term is increased AL. We believe that increased LT and shallow ACD make a lesser contribution to myopia in adults with ROP.

Section snippets

Methods

Axial length, CR, AL/CR ratio, LT, and ACD were measured in myopic adults with ROP by using ultrasound biometry and keratometry, respectively. The relationship between degree of myopia and these refractive elements was analyzed to help identify the factors most responsible for the subjects' myopia. These findings were compared to measurements of adults with the same degree of myopia who were born full-term.

Data for 30 eyes of 22 patients with ROP were obtained. Patients who fulfilled the

Results

The study population consisted of 22 patients (age range, 21 to 59 years; mean, 48 years; median, 52 years). Of these 22 patients, six were men and 16 were women. Data were gathered on 30 eyes from these 22 patients. Most of these patients' eyes had spherical equivalent between −1.5 and −10 D; however, three eyes from three separate patients were outside this range (−11.8 D, −14.6 D, and −18.4 D). Since the myopic control group did not include patients with this degree of high myopia, data from

Discussion

Many authors have published conflicting evidence on the biometric cause of myopia in patients with ROP. From our review of the literature, all of these studies have looked at young children with ROP. These studies are limited given the difficulty of obtaining biometric and refractive values in children, which inevitably creates a source of error and leads to variability in results.¹⁴ To avoid this type of error and better understand the biometric measurements that are responsible for high

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Cited by (34)

Myopia and anterior segment optical coherence tomography findings in laser-treated retinopathy of prematurity eyes
2020, Journal of AAPOS
Citation Excerpt :
Not surprisingly, the median refractive error in the laser-treated group (−0.88 D) indicated significantly more myopia than in the full-term control group (+0.50 D) and the preterm control group (0.00 D). It is noteworthy that the degree of myopia with ROP laser treatment is less than reported by previous studies.7,11,20,21 Geloneck and colleagues22 observed more myopia with more laser applications and speculated that laser disrupts anterior segment development.
To evaluate structural features and visual outcomes in eyes with a prior history of laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
Laser-treated eyes for type 1 ROP, preterm monitored eyes, and full-term control eyes were included. LogMAR conversion of Snellen best-corrected visual acuity and spherical equivalent based on cycloplegic refraction were measured in children 5-15 years of age. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to study structural features, including anterior chamber angle (ACA) in a subset of eyes.
A total of 50 eyes of 50 patients were included (19 full-term eyes, 19 laser-treated type 1 ROP eyes, 12 preterm monitored eyes). Of these, 44 eyes had visual outcomes data, and 15 eyes had anterior segment data. There was no significant difference in sex or age at final examination between the three groups. There was no significant difference in gestational age between the laser-treated and preterm monitored groups. Compared with the full-term control group and the preterm monitored group, the laser-treated ROP group had narrower ACA and more myopic refractive error. There was a significant correlation between ACA and spherical equivalent.
Laser treatment may affect angle configuration in ROP eyes. Anterior segment OCT is an easy and useful modality that could aid in screening for visually impairing conditions such as myopia and glaucoma in children with ROP.
Ocular Hypertension in Adults with a History of Prematurity
2018, Ophthalmology Retina
To determine the ocular hypertension (OHT) incidence in patients with a history of prematurity and the effect of intervention for acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infancy on OHT incidence.
Retrospective case series at a single tertiary referral vitreoretinal practice.
A total of 407 eyes of 213 patients were included, with ROP stage 0 to 5.
A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients aged ≥15 years, seen from 1973 to 2013, with a history of premature birth (gestational age <32 weeks). Data were collected from patient charts, including gender, date of birth, gestational age at birth, birth weight, stage of ROP at presentation, management (including laser, cryotherapy, lens-sparing vitrectomy [LSV], or lensectomy-vitrectomy). Ocular hypertension (if present) data included age of onset, timing of glaucoma surgery (if performed), lens status, and last follow-up examination.
Development of OHT, defined as eyes requiring a glaucoma medication for more than 6 consecutive months or surgical intervention for elevated intraocular pressure.
Of included eyes, 155 (38.1%) developed OHT within 69 years of follow-up. Subgroup analyses revealed an OHT incidence of 23.2% (36/155 eyes) in eyes without a history of any treatment for acute ROP (spontaneously regressed), 23.3% (10/43 eyes) in eyes that underwent ablative therapy alone, and 58.5% (76/130 eyes) in eyes requiring acute incisional retinal surgery (P < 0.01). Stage 4 eyes had a lower OHT incidence compared with stage 5 eyes (40.5% [17/42] vs. 66.7% [54/81], P < 0.01); however, among stage 4 and stage 5 eyes, phakic eyes at last follow-up had a decreased OHT incidence compared with aphakic eyes (27.8% [5/18] vs. 69.8% [60/86], P < 0.01).
Patients with a history of extreme prematurity are at an increased risk of OHT and glaucoma, even if they did not receive acute ROP treatment. More severe acute ROP is associated with higher incidence of OHT, and this is associated with an increased incidence of incisional surgical intervention. Awareness of the increased lifelong risk of adverse ocular sequelae in patients with a history of prematurity will help guide appropriate monitoring.
Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore
2017, Survey of Ophthalmology
Citation Excerpt :
Weighing and adjusting the importance of academic performance are important as that of near work. The prevalence rate of myopia among children born prematurely correlates negatively with birth weight and gestational age and positively with increasing severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in white and East Asian children.11,30 In Taiwan, Yang and colleagues demonstrated that eyes with laser-treated ROP and an average SE of −4.49 ± 3.76 D were significantly myopic compared with controls with an average SE of −0.44 ± 1.48 D.79 In China, Ruan and colleagues reported that the severity of myopia was greater in children with severe ROP than in children with less severe ROP and in the control children.61
Myopia is highly prevalent among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore; however, its prevalence has been gradually increasing, and the number of population-based and non–population-based studies assessing this trend has increased in the past 10 years. Although the causes of this high prevalence in East Asia and Singapore remain poorly identified, related studies have discussed the associated risk factors. We summarize the data concerning the prevalence rates reported in related studies and discuss the most crucial risk factors among these schoolchildren.
Refractive Status and Biometric Characteristics of Children With Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
2023, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Refractive status, biometric components, and functional outcomes of patients with threshold retinopathy of prematurity: systemic review and a 17-year longitudinal study
2022, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
Refraction and its development in young adults born prematurely and screened for retinopathy of prematurity
2022, Acta Ophthalmologica

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Original articleMyopia in Adults with Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose

Design

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Section snippets

Methods

Results

Discussion

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology

J AAPOS

Ophthalmology

J AAPOS

Ophthalmic Physiol Opt

Ophthalmology

Preterm delivery and subsequent ocular developmentA 7–10 year follow-up of children screened 1982–84 for ROP. 4) Oculometric and other metric considerations

Acta Ophthalmol Scand

Low-grade myopia in children with regressed retinopathy of prematurity

Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)

Original article
Myopia in Adults with Retinopathy of Prematurity