Prevalence of DR and ME by several risk factors in subjects with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes
| DR n=213 | ME n=1019 | |||
| Cases | Prevalence (95% CI) | Cases | Prevalence (95% CI) | |
| Grading of DR | ||||
| Mild | 170 | 13.8 (12.0 to 15.8) | – | – |
| Moderate | 30 | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.5) | – | – |
| Severe | 9 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.4) | – | – |
| Proliferative | 4 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | – | – |
| Any type of DR | 213 | 17.3 (15.3 to 19.5) | – | – |
| Grading of ME | ||||
| Observable (M1) | – | – | 12 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) |
| Referable (M2) | – | – | 70 | 5.7 (4.5 to 7.2) |
| Any type of ME | – | – | 82 | 6.7 (5.4 to 8.2) |
| DR without ME | 131 | 10.6 (9.0 to 12.5) | – | – |
| Combined DR+ME | 82 | 6.7 (5.4 to 8.2) | – | – |
| Diabetes duration (years) | ||||
| <1 | 62 | 13.9 (10.4 to 16.6) | 17 | 3.6 (2.3 to 5.7) |
| 1–2 | 47 | 13.3 (10.2 to 17.3) | 18 | 5.1 (3.2 to 7.9) |
| 3–5 | 104 | 25.4 (21.4 to 29.9) | 47 | 11.5 (8.7 to 15.0) |
| Ptrend value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
| <7 | 44 | 9.2 (6.9 to 12.2) | 15 | 3.1 (1.9 to 5.2) |
| 7.0–8.9 | 62 | 19.4 (15.4 to 24.1) | 26 | 8.1 (5.6 to 11.7) |
| ≥9 | 107 | 24.6 (20.8 to 28.9) | 41 | 9.4 (7.0 to 12.6) |
| Ptrend value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 118 | 14.9 (12.6 to 17.5) | 45 | 5.7 (4.3 to 7.5) |
| Yes | 95 | 21.7 (18.1 to 25.8) | 37 | 8.4 (6.2 to 11.4) |
| P value | 0.003 | 0.063 | ||
| Albuminuria | ||||
| No | 155 | 15.3 (13.2 to 17.7) | 50 | 4.9 (3.8 to 6.5) |
| Yes | 53 | 27.6 (21.7 to 34.3) | 31 | 16.1 (11.6 to 22.0) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Waist circumference (men≥102, women≥88) | ||||
| No | 76 | 14.3 (11.6 to 17.6) | 32 | 6.0 (5.5 to 8.4) |
| Yes | 137 | 19.7 (16.9 to 22.8) | 50 | 7.2 (5.5 to 9.4) |
| P value | 0.014 | 0.422 | ||
| Diabetes duration and HbA1c (%) | ||||
| Diabetes duration <1 year | ||||
| <7 | 18 | 9.1 (5.8 to 14.0) | 5 | – |
| 7.0–8.9 | 17 | 14.7 (9.3 to 22.3) | 7 | – |
| ≥9 | 27 | 17.2 (12.1 to 23.9) | 5 | – |
| Ptrend value | 0.026 | – | ||
| Diabetes duration 1–2 years | ||||
| <7 | 15 | 8.9 (5.5 to 14.3) | 7 | – |
| 7.0–8.9 | 17 | 19.3 (12.4 to 28.9) | 7 | – |
| ≥9 | 15 | 15.5 (9.5 to 24.1) | 4 | – |
| Ptrend value | 0.081 | – | ||
| Diabetes duration 3–5 years | ||||
| <7 | 11 | 9.8 (5.5 to 16.9) | 3 | 2.7 (0.9 to 8.0) |
| 7.0–8.9 | 28 | 24.1 (17.2 to 32.7) | 12 | 10.3 (6.0 to 17.3) |
| ≥9 | 65 | 35.9 (29.3 to 43.2) | 32 | 17.7 (12.8 to 23.9) |
| Ptrend value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Diabetes duration and hypertension (%) | ||||
| Diabetes duration <1 year | ||||
| No | 40 | 12.5 (9.3 to 16.6) | 11 | 3.4 (1.9 to 6.1) |
| Yes | 22 | 14.6 (9.8 to 21.1) | 6 | 4.0 (1.8 to 8.6) |
| P value | 0.544 | 0.776 | ||
| Diabetes duration 1–2 years | ||||
| No | 28 | 11.6 (8.1 to 16.2) | 11 | 4.5 (2.5 to 8.0) |
| Yes | 19 | 17.1 (11.2 to 25.3) | 7 | 6.3 (3.1 to 12.6) |
| P value | 0.157 | 0.487 | ||
| Diabetes duration 3–5 years | ||||
| No | 50 | 21.5 (16.7 to 27.2) | 23 | 9.9 (6.6 to 14.4) |
| Yes | 54 | 30.7 (24.3 to 38.9) | 24 | 13.6 (9.3 to 19.5) |
| P value | 0.035 | 0.239 | ||
| Diabetes duration and albuminuria (%) | ||||
| Diabetes duration <1 year | ||||
| Non-albuminuria | 53 | 13.1 (10.1 to 16.7) | 12 | 3.0 (1.7 to 5.1) |
| Albuminuria | 9 | 16.4 (8.7 to 28.6) | 5 | 9.1 (3.8 to 20.0) |
| P value | 0.505 | 0.032 | ||
| Diabetes duration 1–2 years | ||||
| Non-albuminuria | 32 | 11.3 (8.1 to 15.6) | 10 | 3.5 (1.9 to 6.5) |
| Albuminuria | 15 | 23.4 (14.7 to 35.3) | 8 | 12.5 (6.4 to 23.1) |
| P value | 0.013 | 0.006 | ||
| Diabetes duration 3–5 years | ||||
| Non-albuminuria | 70 | 21.6 (17.5 to 26.4) | 28 | 8.6 (6.0 to 12.2) |
| Albuminuria | 29 | 39.7 (29.2 to 51.3) | 18 | 24.7 (16.1 to 35.8) |
| P value | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 213 | 17.4 (15.3 to 19.6) | 82 | 6.6 (5.4 to 8.2) |
Prevalence and its 95% CI were estimated by logistic regression models. DR: unilateral in 97 cases, bilateral in 116 cases. Diabetic macular oedema: unilateral in 41 cases, bilateral in 41 cases.
Missing values: albuminuria, 29.
DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; ME, macular oedema.