Table 4

Risk factors associated with prevalence of diabetic macular oedema in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes stratified by diabetes duration

	Whole sample		Stratified by duration of diabetes
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	<1–2 years	3–5 years
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age at diabetes diagnosis (per 5 years)	1.02 (0.92 to 1.12)	1.00 (0.88 to 1.13)	0.92 (0.82 to 1.03)	1.10 (0.88 to 1.38)
Sex (men)	1.59 (1.01 to 2.49) *	–	–	–
Duration of diabetes (per year)	1.36 (1.19 to 1.55) ***	1.26 (1.10 to 1.45) **	–	–
Duration of diabetes (years)
<1	Reference	–	–	–
1–2	1.43 (0.73 to 2.82)	–	–	–
3–5	3.46 (1.95 to 6.13) ***	–	–	–
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	1.16 (1.08 to 1.25) ***	–	–	–
HbA1c (%)			–
<7	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
7.0–8.9	2.36 (1.10 to 5.05) *	2.26 (1.15 to 4.41) *	1.33 (0.64 to 2.76)	6.36 (1.88 to 21.56) **
≥9	3.21 (1.79 to 5.77) ***	2.38 (1.25 to 4.50) **	1.33 (0.64 to 2.76)	6.36 (1.88 to 21.56) **
Hypertension	1.54 (0.98 to 2.41)	–	–	–
SBP (per 5 mm Hg)	1.18 (1.11 to 1.25) ***	1.15 (1.07 to 1.23) ***	1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) *	1.18 (1.06 to 1.31) **
DPB (per 5 mm Hg)	1.19 (1.05 to 1.35) **	–	–	–
Triglycerides≥1.68 mmol/L	1.06 (0.66 to 1.69)	–	–
Microalbuminuria	3.70 (2.29 to 5.97) ***	2.45 (1.46 to 4.09) **	2.95 (1.41 to 6.19) **	2.09 (1.04 to 4.21) *
Antihypertensive drugs	1.04 (0.62 to 1.76)	0.76 (0.43 to 1.36)	–	–
Statin use	0.38 (0.15 to 0.96) *	–	–	–

Simple and multiple robust logistic regression analysis was used to estimate ORs and their 95% CIs. In models stratified by diabetes duration, HbA1c categories were <7 and ≥7.
Whole sample, n=1203; subsample with diabetes duration <1–2 years, n=806; and subsample with a diabetes duration from 3 to 5 years, n=397. Missing values: microalbuminuria, 29.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure.