Associations of antenatal systolic blood pressure at baseline and retinal arteriolar structural and functional measures at 5-year follow-up
| Baseline SBP at 26–28 weeks gestation, each 10 mm Hg ↑ | Retinal arteriolar structural and functional measures at 5-year follow-up β (95% CI) | P value |
| Retinal arteriolar calibre, µm | ||
| Model 1 | −1.0 (−2.1 to 0.03) | 0.06 |
| Model 2 | −1.1 (−2.2 to 0.04) | 0.04 |
| Model 3 | −1.3 (−3.0 to 0.2) | 0.09 |
| Retinal arteriolar fractal dimension, df | ||
| Model 1 | −0.5 (−1.0 to 0.02) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | −0.6 (−1.1 to 0.1) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) | 0.22 |
| Retinal arteriolar curvature tortuosity, unit (×10−6) | ||
| Model 1 | 0.7 (−1.2 to 2.6) | 0.46 |
| Model 2 | 0.5 (−1.4 to 2.3) | 0.63 |
| Model 3 | 0.1 (−2.6 to 2.8) | 0.95 |
| Retinal arteriolar branching angle, degree | ||
| Model 1 | −0.2 (−1.3 to 0.9) | 0.76 |
| Model 2 | −0.1 (−1.2 to 1.0) | 0.82 |
| Model 3 | −0.1 (−1.7 to 1.5) | 0.91 |
| Retinal arteriolar DVA dilation, % | ||
| Model 1 | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | 0.23 |
| Model 2 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | 0.41 |
| Model 3 | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.8) | 0.16 |
| Retinal arteriolar DVA constriction, % | ||
| Model 1 | 0.3 (0.02 to 0.7) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 0.3 (−0.01 to 0.7) | 0.06 |
| Model 3 | 0.5 (0.001 to 1.0) | 0.05 |
Model 1: unadjusted.
Model 2: adjusted for age, ethnicity and college degree.
Model 3: model 2 and additionally adjusted for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis and prepregnancy body mass index at baseline (26–28 weeks gestation).
df, degrees of freedom; DVA, dynamic vessel analyser; SBP, systolic blood pressure.