Characteristics at baseline and 5-year follow-up | Total (n=276) |
Mean, SD or N (%) | |
Baseline at 26–28 weeks gestation | |
Age, years | 33.0, 4.9 |
Ethnicity | |
Chinese | 150 (54.3) |
Malay | 59 (21.4) |
Indian | 63 (22.8) |
College degree, yes | 118 (42.8) |
Past and current smoker, yes | 22 (8.0) |
Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 26.9, 4.1 |
SBP, mm Hg | 110.4,13.0 |
GDM diagnosis, yes | 142 (51.4) |
5-year postpartum retinal vascular measures | |
Arterioles | |
Calibre, µm | 142.8, 9.7 |
Fractal dimension, df | 1.3, 0.1 |
Branching angle, degrees | 79.9, 9.4 |
Curvature tortuosity, unit (×10−5) | 6.9, 2.6 |
Dilation, % | 3.4, 2.7 |
Constriction, % | −0.3, 2.7 |
*Student’s t-test (for continuous variables) or χ2 test/Fisher’s exact test (for categorical variables).
.BMI, body mass index; df, degrees of freedom; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure.