Baseline characteristics of participants in the present study sample from CHARLS 2011
| Baseline characteristics of participants of the present study sample from CHARLS 2011 | ||||
| Variables | Total | Non-visual impairment | Visual impairment | P value |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 3867 (49.90) | 965 (56.20) | 2902 (48.10) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 3883 (50.10) | 752 (43.80) | 3131 (51.90) | |
| Age | ||||
| 45–59 | 2931 (37.82) | 789 (45.95) | 2142 (35.50) | <0.0001 |
| 60–74 | 3661 (47.24) | 705 (41.06) | 2956 (49.00) | |
| 75+ | 1158 (14.94) | 223 (12.99) | 935 (15.50) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Living alone | 2036 (26.27) | 416 (24.23) | 1620 (26.85) | 0.0293 |
| Live with partner | 5714 (73.73) | 1301 (75.77) | 4413 (73.15) | |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate | 1971 (25.43) | 357 (20.79) | 1614 (26.75) | <0.0001 |
| Less than elementary school | 3320 (42.84) | 652 (37.97) | 2668 (44.22) | |
| Elementary school | 1598 (20.62) | 425 (24.75) | 1173 (19.44) | |
| Middle school or vocational school | 727 (9.38) | 226 (13.16) | 501 (8.30) | |
| High school and above | 134 (1.73) | 57 (3.32) | 77 (1.28) | |
| Living area | ||||
| Urban area | 1571 (20.27) | 434 (25.28) | 1137 (18.85) | <0.0001 |
| Rural area | 6179 (79.73) | 1283 (74.72) | 4896 (81.15) | |
| Smoke | ||||
| Yes | 3238 (41.78) | 756 (44.03) | 2482 (41.14) | 0.0322 |
| No | 4512 (58.22) | 961 (55.97) | 3551 (58.86) | |
| Drinking status | ||||
| Drink more than once a month | 1949 (25.15) | 466 (27.14) | 1483 (24.58) | 0.0129 |
| Drink but less than once a month | 627 (8.09) | 155 (9.03) | 472 (7.82) | |
| No drink | 5174 (66.76) | 1096 (63.83) | 4078 (67.59) | |
| Insurance covering | ||||
| Yes | 7206 (92.98) | 1589 (92.55) | 5617 (93.10) | 0.4234 |
| No | 544 (7.02) | 128 (7.45) | 416 (6.90) | |
| BMI | 23.4206±3.6063 | 23.4828±3.5687 | 23.4029±3.6171 | 0.4178 |
| WHtR | 0.5384±0.0650 | 0.5334±0.0633 | 0.5399±0.0654 | 0.0002 |
| WWI | 11.1389±0.8048 | 11.0204±0.7840 | 11.1726±0.8076 | <0.0001 |
| ABSI | 0.0829±0.0050 | 0.0824±0.0050 | 0.0831±0.0050 | <0.0001 |
| BRI | 4.1898±1.3551 | 4.0838±1.2967 | 4.2199±1.3699 | 0.0002 |
| ConI | 1.2844±0.0818 | 1.2768±0.0809 | 1.2866±0.0819 | <0.0001 |
ABSI, a body shape index; BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; ConI, conicity index; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; WWI, weight-adjusted-waist index.