Comparisons of baseline variables between high and low levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2
| MMP-2 | TIMP-2 | ||||||
| Low (<178 ng/mL) | High (≥178 ng/mL) | P value a | Low (<205 ng/mL) | High (≥205 ng/mL) | P value b | ||
| n | 201 | 66 | 198 | 67 | |||
| Sex | Women | 81 (40) | 33 (50) | 0.17 | 80 (40) | 33 (49) | 0.20 |
| Men | 120 (60) | 33 (50) | 118 (60) | 34 (51) | |||
| Age (years) | 40 (30–50) | 46 (40–50) | 0.001 c | 40 (30–50) | 45 (37–55) | 0.001 c | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 18 (9–27) | 28 (18–35) | <0.001 c | 18 (9–28) | 26 (18–35) | <0.001 c | |
| DR | Proliferative | 30 (15) | 17 (26) | 0.001 d | 29 (15) | 18 (27) | 0.008 d |
| Severe non-proliferative | 20 (10) | 10 (15) | 22 (11) | 8 (12) | |||
| Moderate non-proliferative | 44 (22) | 19 (29) | 42 (21) | 20 (30) | |||
| Mild non-proliferative | 44 (22) | 10 (15) | 47 (24) | 6 (9) | |||
| No apparent | 63 (31) | 10 (15) | 58 (29) | 15 (22) | |||
| DR, at least moderate | 94 (47) | 46 (70) | 0.001 | 93 (47) | 46 (69) | 0.002 | |
| HbA1c (≥53 mmol/mol) | 165 (82) | 53 (80) | 0.74 | 158 (80) | 58 (87) | 0.22 | |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) e | 70 (61–78) | 70 (64–79) | 0.36c | 70 (61–77) | 74 (65–82) | 0.016 c | |
| Macroalbuminuria f | 6 (3) | 9 (14) | 0.003 g | 6 (3) | 9 (14) | 0.004 g | |
| Systolic BP>130 mm Hg | 13 (15) | 13 (20) | 0.42 | 30 (15) | 14 (21) | 0.28 | |
| Diastolic BP>80 mm Hg | 10 (5) | 3 (5) | 0.89 | 10 (5) | 3 (4) | 0.85 | |
| TIMP (ng/mL) h | 170 (148–191) | 211 (187–232) | <0.001 c | – | – | – | |
| High TIMP-2 (ng/mL) h | 27 (14) | 40 (61) | <0.001 | – | – | – | |
| MMP-2 (ng/mL) | – | – | – | 143 (120–165) | 187 (163–216) | <0.001 c | |
| High MMP-2 (ng/mL) | – | – | – | 26 (13) | 40 (60) | <0.001 | |
| CSII | 18 (9) | 5 (8) | 1.00 f | 17 (9) | 6 (9) | 1.00 f | |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 61 (30) | 28 (42) | 0.071 | 58 (29) | 31 (46) | 0.011 | |
a, b Data are presented as n (%) or median (q1, q3). a, b Chi-Square Test was used unless otherwise indicated. c Mann-Whitney U Test. d Linear-by-linear Association. Missing values: e 13/f 15. g Fisher’s Exact Test. Missing values: h 2.
BP, blood pressure; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.