Ophthalmological findings in 21 individuals diagnosed with FASD and 21 healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls
| Characteristics | FASD (n=21)* | Controls (n=21)* | P value |
| BCVA logMAR RE—mean±SD | 0.10±0.18 | −0.71±0.56 | <0.001 |
| BCVA logMAR LE—mean±SD | 0.11±0.20 | −0.50±0.069 | <0.001 |
| Refraction SE D RE—median (range) | +0.75 (−4.25 to+9.50) | +0.63 (−0.63 to+5.50) | 0.95 |
| Refraction SE D LE—median (range) | +0.75 (−4.38 to+9.38) | +0.63 (−0.50 to+6.50) | 0.86 |
| Refractive errors—n (%) | 13 (62) | 6 (29) | 0.06 |
| Hyperopia (≥2.5 D SE)—n (%) | 7 (33) | 3 (14) | 0.28 |
| Myopia (≥0.50 D SE)—n (%) | 5 (24) | 1 (5) | 0.18 |
| Anisometropia (≥1.0 D SE)—n (%) | 3 (14) | 2 (10) | 1.000 |
| Astigmatism (≥1.0 D)—n (%) | 6 (29) | 2 (10) | 0.24 |
| Strabismus—n (%) | 15 (71) | 8 (38) | 0.06 |
| Heterophoria—n (%) | 8 (38) | 7 (33) | 1.00 |
| Heterotropia—n (%) | 7 (33) | 1 (5) | 0.045 |
| Subnormal stereoacuity†—n (%) | 12 (60) (n=20) | 1 (5) | <0.001 |
| With heterotropia—n (%) | 7 (35) | 1 (5) | 0.021 |
| Without heterotropia—n (%) | 5 (25) | 0 | 0.021 |
| Structural abnormalities—n (%) | 12 (57) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Ptosis—n (%) | 1 (7) (n=15) | 0 | 0.42 |
| Epicanthus—n (%) | 2 (15) (n=13) | 0 | 0.14 |
| Retinal vascular abnormalities—n (%) | 8 (38) | 0 | 0.003 |
| Optic disc abnormalities—n (%) | 3 (14) | 0 | 0.23 |
| ONH—n (%) | 2 (10) | 0 | 0.49 |
| PFL mm RE—mean±SD | 26.67±1.92 (n=15) | 26.3±1.72 (n=20) | 0.56 |
| PFL mm LE—mean±SD | 26.53±1.89 (n=15) | 26.4±1.70 (n=20) | 0.93 |
| ICD mm—mean±SD | 29.93±2.37(n=14) | 29±2.05 (n=20) | 0.36 |
Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the two groups’ results.
Bold values are statistically significant.
*When the number of individuals differs from the total number of participants in the group, this is given separately for each category.
†Stereoacuity >60” .
BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; D, dioptre; FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; ICD, intercanthal distance; LE, left eye; LogMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; ONH, optic nerve hypoplasia; PFL, palpebral fissure length; RE, right eye; SE, spherical equivalent.