Characteristics of study participants drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2018 survey
| Total | Vision impairment | P value | |||||
| Total (N=19 374) | Yes (N=4006) | No (N=15 368) | |||||
| n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | ||
| Age, years | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 45–54 | 5409 (28.2%) | 27.6 to 28.9 | 694 (17.7%) | 16.6 to 19.0 | 4698 (31.0%) | 30.3 to 31.8 | |
| 55–64 | 6327 (33.0%) | 32.3 to 33.7 | 1107 (28.3%) | 26.9 to 29.7 | 5194 (34.3%) | 33.5 to 35.0 | |
| 65–74 | 5040 (26.3%) | 25.7 to 26.9 | 1309 (33.4%) | 32.0 to 34.9 | 3713 (24.5%) | 23.8 to 25.2 | |
| ≥75 | 2395 (12.5%) | 12.0 to 13.0 | 806 (20.6%) | 19.3 to 21.9 | 1544 (10.2%) | 9.7 to 10.7 | |
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 9267 (47.6%) | 46.9 to 48.3 | 1552 (38.7%) | 37.2 to 40.3 | 7664 (49.9%) | 49.1 to 50.7 | |
| Female | 10 221 (52.4%) | 51.7 to 53.1 | 2454 (61.3%) | 59.7 to 62.8 | 7704 (50.1%) | 49.3 to 50.9 | |
| Education | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Illiterate | 4439 (22.8%) | 22.2 to 23.4 | 1417 (35.4%) | 33.9 to 36.9 | 2968 (19.3%) | 18.7 to 19.9 | |
| Some primary school | 4011 (20.6%) | 20.0 to 21.2 | 891 (22.2%) | 21.0 to 23.6 | 3094 (20.1%) | 19.5 to 20.8 | |
| Primary school | 4326 (22.2%) | 21.6 to 22.8 | 834 (20.8%) | 19.6 to 22.1 | 3481 (22.7%) | 22.0 to 23.3 | |
| Junior high school and above | 6712 (34.4%) | 33.8 to 35.1 | 864 (21.6%) | 20.3 to 22.9 | 5825 (37.9%) | 37.1 to 38.7 | |
| Residence | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Urban | 3693 (21.4%) | 20.8 to 22.0 | 567 (15.8%) | 14.6 to 17.0 | 3110 (22.9%) | 22.2 to 23.7 | |
| Rural | 13 543 (78.6%) | 78.0 to 79.2 | 3022 (84.2%) | 83.0 to 85.4 | 10 446 (77.1%) | 76.3 to 77.8 | |
| Ever smoking | < 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 10 199 (57.2%) | 56.5 to 57.9 | 2336 (61.8%) | 60.3 to 63.4 | 7808 (56.0%) | 55.1 to 56.8 | |
| Yes | 7629 (42.8%) | 42.1 to 43.5 | 1442 (38.2%) | 36.6 to 39.7 | 6146 (44.0%) | 43.2 to 44.9 | |
| BMI | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Normal | 7647 (53.4%) | 52.6 to 54.2 | 1775 (56.5%) | 54.8 to 58.2 | 5831 (52.5%) | 51.5 to 53.4 | |
| Overweight | 4773 (33.3%) | 32.6 to 34.1 | 982 (31.3%) | 29.7 to 32.9 | 3774 (34.0%) | 33.1 to 34.8 | |
| Obese | 1905 (13.3%) | 12.8 to 13.9 | 384 (12.2%) | 11.1 to 13.4 | 1511 (13.6%) | 13.0 to 14.2 | |
BMI, body mass index.