Correlates | Normal | High | χ2 p value* |
n (%) | n (%) | ||
All | 282 (44.8) | 348 (55.2) | |
Sociodemographic | |||
Gender | |||
Male | 121 (38.2) | 196 (61.8) | 0.001† |
Female | 161 (51.4) | 152 (48.6) | |
Age | |||
3–4 years | 33 (33.3) | 66 (66.7) | 0.013† |
5–10 years | 249 (46.9) | 282 (53.1) | |
Mode of teaching | |||
Online | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) | 0.756† |
Physical class | 272 (44.9) | 334 (55.1) | |
Family type | |||
Nuclear family/single parent | 203 (47.9) | 221 (52.1) | 0.024† |
Joint/extended family | 79 (38.3) | 127 (61.7) | |
School type | |||
Private | 178 (38.0) | 290 (62.0) | <0.001† |
Public | 104 (64.2) | 58 (35.8) | |
School level | |||
Preschool | 135 (51.7) | 126 (48.3) | 0.003† |
Basic level | 147 (39.8) | 222 (60.2) | |
Socioeconomic status | |||
Upper lower | 83 (56.5) | 64 (43.5) | 0.013‡ |
Lower middle | 120 (40.5) | 176 (59.5) | |
Upper middle | 76 (42.5) | 103 (57.5) | |
Upper class | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | |
Children’s access to screen devices (multiple answers) | |||
Children own screen devices | |||
Yes | 6 (9.7) | 56 (90.3) | <0.001† |
No | 276 (48.6) | 292 (51.4) | |
Laptop | |||
Yes | 17 (17.0) | 83 (83.0) | <0.001† |
No | 265 (50.0) | 265 (50.0) | |
Tablet | |||
Yes | 11 (19.6) | 45 (80.4) | <0.001† |
No | 271 (47.2) | 303 (52.8) | |
Smartphone | |||
Yes | 258 (42.7) | 346 (57.3) | <0.001† |
No | 24 (92.3) | 2 (7.7) | |
Video game console | |||
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0.132§ |
No | 282 (45.0) | 344 (55.0) | |
Television | |||
Yes | 161 (34.7) | 303 (65.3) | <0.001† |
No | 121 (72.9) | 45 (27.1) |
*Significance was defined as p<0.05 unless otherwise noted.
†Bonferroni-corrected α<0.0125.
‡Bonferroni-corrected α<0.0031.
§Fisher’s exact test was done; χ2 test was among remaining.