Serum cytokine levels compared between groups with BMI as covariate
| Control | NDR | NPDR | PDR | F | ANCOVA p value | F | ANOVA p value | |
| IL-1ß | ||||||||
| 36.23±6.3 | 38.1±6.8 | 39.4±4.19 | 36.4+5.1 | 1.39 | 0.25 | 1.43 | 0.24 | |
| IL-2 | ||||||||
| 42.2±5.2 | 44.2±6.2 | 41.1±4.4 | 42.0±6.5 | 1.16 | 0.33 | 0.93 | 0.43 | |
| IL-4 | ||||||||
| 39.5±8 | 40.1±9.3 | 39.03±7.1 | 34.5±7.9 | 1.85 | 0.14 | 1.50 | 0.22 | |
| IL-6 | ||||||||
| 23.9±7.7 | 46.09±9.6* | 52.31±11.3* | 42.39±8.7* | 25.75 | 0.0001 | 34.70 | 0.0001 | |
| IL-8 | ||||||||
| 15.85±16.7 | 7.5±4.49 | 5.9±6* | 8.5±9.7 | 3.95 | 0.019 | 3.77 | 0.014 | |
| IL-10 | ||||||||
| 37.9±3.9 | 42.56±6.8 | 40.13±4.3 | 39.9±4.4 | 2.47 | 0.068 | 2.45 | 0.069 | |
| IL-12 | ||||||||
| 49.7±9.5 | 30.7±12.2* | 32.9±8.1* | 33.5±7.5* | 17.17 | 0.0001 | 20.08 | 0.0001 | |
| IL-17a | ||||||||
| 28.8±7.7 | 50±11.3* | 47.4±9.1* | 38±7.3*/†/‡ | 25.11 | 0.0001 | 26.25 | 0.0001 | |
| TNFα | ||||||||
| 5.4±3.2 | 7.2±3.2 | 8±2.4* | 13.3±3.5*/†/‡ | 7.17 | 0.0001 | 17.57 | 0.0001 | |
| IFN-γ | ||||||||
| 4.7±2.2 | 3.8±2.4 | 3.5±2.1 | 3.6±1.6 | 1.29 | 0.28 | 1.88 | 0.141 | |
The mean±SD of cytokines measured.
*P<0.008 versus control group.
†P<0.008 versus NDR group.
‡P<0.008 versus NPDR.
ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; ANOVA, analysis of variance; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL, interleukin ; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha.