Serum cytokine levels per group
| Control | NDR | NPDR | PDR | P value | |
| IL-1ß | |||||
| 36.23±6.3 | 38.1±6.8 | 39.4±4.19 | 36.4+5.1 | 0.26 | |
| IL-2 | |||||
| 42.2±5.2 | 44.2±6.2 | 41.1±4.4 | 42.0±6.5 | 0.37 | |
| IL-4 | |||||
| 39.5±8 | 40.1±9.3 | 39.03±7.1 | 34.5±7.9 | 0.14 | |
| IL-6 | |||||
| 23.9±7.7 | 46.09±9.6* | 52.31±11.3* | 42.39±8.7*/‡ | 0.001 | |
| IL-8 | |||||
| 15.85±16.7 | 7.5±4.49 | 5.9±6 | 8.5±9.7 | 0.055 | |
| IL-10 | |||||
| 37.9±3.9 | 42.56±6.8 | 40.13±4.3 | 39.9±4.4 | 0.50 | |
| IL-12 | |||||
| 49.7±9.5 | 30.7±12.2* | 32.9±8.1* | 33.5±7.5* | 0.0001 | |
| IL-17a | |||||
| 28.8±7.7 | 50±11.3* | 47.4±9.1* | 38±7.3*/†/‡ | 0.0001 | |
| TNFα | |||||
| 5.4±3.2 | 7.2±3.2 | 8±2.4 | 13.3±3.5*/†/‡ | 0.001 | |
| IFN-γ | |||||
| 4.7±2.2 | 3.8±2.4 | 3.5±2.1 | 3.6±1.6 | 0.275 | |
The mean±SD of cytokines measured.
*P<0.005 versus control group.
†P<0.005 versus NDR group.
‡P<0.005 versus NPDR.
IFN-γ, interferon-gamma ; IL, interleukin ; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha.