AMD (Model 1) | AMD (Model 2) | |||||
OR | 95% CI | P value* | OR | 95% CI | P value* | |
Age (per year increase) | 1.09 | 1.08 to 1.10 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 1.08 to 1.12 | <0.01 |
Sex (Female) | 0.74 | 0.69 to 0.80 | <0.01 | 0.75 | 0.66 to 0.86 | <0.01 |
Visual impairment | – | – | – | 2.46 | 1.95 to 3.10 | <0.01 |
Ethnicity (% (n)) | <0.01† | 0.14† | ||||
White | Ref | Ref | ||||
Black | 0.84 | 0.61 to 1.16 | 0.29 | 1.19 | 0.78 to 1.84 | 0.42 |
East Asian | 1.72 | 1.02 to 2.90 | 0.04 | 1.29 | 0.48 to 3.48 | 0.62 |
South Asian | 0.90 | 0.68 to 1.16 | 0.44 | 1.34 | 0.93 to 1.92 | 0.11 |
Any mixed | 1.60 | 1.04 to 2.47 | 0.03 | 1.66 | 0.82 to 3.38 | 0.16 |
Other | 1.48 | 1.06 to 1.23 | 0.02 | 1.75 | 1.07 to 2.86 | 0.03 |
Qualifications | <0.01† | <0.01† | ||||
None of the above | Ref | Ref | ||||
Lower academic/vocational | 1.16 | 1.03 to 1.29 | 0.01 | 1.46 | 1.20 to 1.78 | <0.01 |
Higher academic/professional | 1.30 | 1.16 to 1.45 | <0.01 | 1.20 | 0.98 to 1.47 | 0.08 |
Employment | <0.01† | 0.23† | ||||
None of the above | Ref | Ref | ||||
In paid employment | 1.06 | 0.61 to 1.85 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.28 to 1.18 | 0.13 |
Retired | 1.15 | 0.66 to 2.01 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.30 to 1.26 | 0.19 |
Looking after home and/or family | 0.99 | 0.52 to 1.88 | 0.98 | 0.49 | 0.19 to 1.23 | 0.13 |
Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 2.02 | 1.13 to 3.61 | 0.02 | 0.99 | 0.44 to 2.21 | 0.97 |
Unemployed | 0.88 | 0.44 to 1.73 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.23 to 1.45 | 0.24 |
Doing unpaid or voluntary work | 1.09 | 0.50 to 2.37 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 0.22 to 2.07 | 0.49 |
Full or part-time student | 0.89 | 0.20 to 4.00 | 0.88 | – | – | – |
Household income | <0.01§ | 0.42† | ||||
Less than 18 000 | Ref | Ref | ||||
18 000 to 30 999 | 0.90 | 0.81 to 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.74 to 1.05 | 0.16 |
31 000 to 51 999 | 0.94 | 0.84 to 1.05 | 0.27 | 1.00 | 0.83 to 1.21 | 1.00 |
52 000 to 100 000 | 0.80 | 0.69 to 0.92 | <0.01 | 0.88 | 0.70 to 1.11 | 0.28 |
Greater than 100 000 | 0.76 | 0.61 to 0.96 | 0.02 | 0.81 | 0.56 to 1.18 | 0.28 |
Smoking | ||||||
Never | Ref | |||||
Ever | 1.02 | 0.05 to 1.10 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 0.89 to 1.15 | 0.88 |
Vascular/Heart disease (Yes) | 1.14 | 1.05 to 1.23 | <0.01 | 1.13 | 0.99 to 1.29 | 0.07 |
Total | 110 589 | 73 748‡ |
Model 2 includes visual impairment, in addition to covariables included in Model 1.
*P value from Wald test.
†From likelihood ratio test.
‡There were missing variables for VI (see the Methods section).
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; ref, reference level.