Age and sex-adjusted associations with age-related macular degeneration
| AMD | P value* | ||
| OR | 95% CI | ||
| Ethnicity (% (n)) | 0.01 | ||
| White | Ref | ||
| Black | 0.85 | 0.65 to 1.11 | 0.23 |
| East Asian | 1.80 | 1.14 to 2.82 | 0.01 |
| South Asian | 0.84 | 0.65 to 1.07 | 0.15 |
| Any mixed | 1.42 | 0.95 to 2.12 | 0.09 |
| Other | 1.24 | 0.91 to 1.70 | 0.16 |
| Visual impairment | 2.34 | 1.90 to 2.87 | <0.01 |
| Qualifications | <0.01 | ||
| None of the above | Ref | ||
| Lower academic/vocational | 1.08 | 0.98 to 1.19 | 0.12 |
| Higher academic/professional | 1.16 | 1.07 to 1.27 | <0.01 |
| Employment | <0.01 | ||
| None of the above | Ref | ||
| In paid employment | 1.00 | 0.63 to 0.80 | 1.00 |
| Retired | 1.14 | 0.72 to 1.81 | 0.57 |
| Looking after home and/or family | 0.82 | 0.48 to 1.40 | 0.47 |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 1.87 | 1.15 to 3.02 | 0.01 |
| Unemployed | 0.90 | 0.51 to 1.60 | 0.73 |
| Doing unpaid or voluntary work | 1.06 | 0.54 to 2.05 | 0.87 |
| Full or part-time student | 1.06 | 0.31 to 3.62 | 0.93 |
| Townsend index | <0.01 | ||
| Quintile 1 (most deprived) | Ref | ||
| Quintile 2 | 0.95 | 0.86 to 1.06 | 0.35 |
| Quintile 3 | 0.93 | 0.84 to 1.03 | 0.18 |
| Quintile 4 | 0.84 | 0.76 to 0.94 | <0.01 |
| Quintile 5 | 0.94 | 0.85 to 1.05 | 0.28 |
| Household income | <0.01 | ||
| Less than 18 000 | Ref | ||
| 1 8 000 to 30 999 | 0.90 | 0.82 to 0.99 | 0.02 |
| 31 000 to 51 999 | 0.94 | 0.85 to 1.04 | 0.25 |
| 5 000 to 1 00 000 | 0.80 | 0.70 to 0.90 | <0.01 |
| Greater than 100 000 | 0.79 | 0.63 to 0.98 | 0.03 |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | Ref | ||
| Ever | 1.06 | 0.99 to 1.13 | 0.12 |
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2 increase) | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.01 | 0.04 |
| Systolic BP (per 1 mm Hg increase) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 0.58 |
| Diastolic BP (per 1 mm Hg increase) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 0.62 |
| Diabetes (Yes) | 1.17 | 1.04 to 1.32 | <0.01 |
| Vascular/Heart disease (Yes) | 1.17 | 1.10 to 1.26 | <0.01 |
| Total | 133 198† | ||
*P value from Wald test.
†Missing covariables were excluded from analysis.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; ref, reference level.