Prevalence and demographic characteristics of visual impairment among older adults in Ghana, Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health Wave 2 from 2014 to 2015
| Demographic variable | Total | Visual impairment status | Rao-Scott χ2 | |
| No (95%CI) | Yes (95%CI) | |||
| 82.9 (79.8 to 85.6) | 17.1 (14.3 to 20.2) | |||
| N | (%) | (%) | ||
| Sex | 2.88 | |||
| Male | 1472 | 84.3 | 15.7 | |
| Female | 2103 | 81.7 | 18.3 | |
| Age group | 29.72*** | |||
| 50–59 | 1295 | 88.8 | 11.2 | |
| 60–69 | 1105 | 83.6 | 16.4 | |
| 70–79 | 771 | 73.6 | 26.3 | |
| 80+ | 404 | 63.3 | 36.7 | |
| Educational level | 4.28** | |||
| None | 1784 | 81.8 | 18.2 | |
| Primary | 860 | 79.4 | 20.6 | |
| SHS/MSLC | 811 | 88.7 | 11.3 | |
| Tertiary | 120 | 81.3 | 18.7 | |
| Marital status | 2.27 | |||
| Never married | 115 | 85 | 15 | |
| Married | 2002 | 84.6 | 15.4 | |
| Separated/divorced | 427 | 81.9 | 18.1 | |
| Widowed | 1031 | 78.7 | 21.3 | |
| Religion | 9.74*** | |||
| None | 114 | 67.6 | 32.4 | |
| Christian | 2563 | 81.5 | 18.5 | |
| Islam | 665 | 90 | 10 | |
| Primal indigenous | 222 | 88 | 12 | |
| Place of residence | 4.33* | |||
| Urban | 1403 | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
| Rural | 2172 | 85.7 | 14.3 | |
| Currently working | 25.42*** | |||
| No | 1282 | 74.3 | 25.7 | |
| Yes | 2293 | 87 | 13 | |
| Region | 10.14*** | |||
| Ashanti | 586 | 82.6 | 17.4 | |
| Brong Ahafo | 380 | 93.3 | 6.7 | |
| Central | 461 | 91.5 | 8.5 | |
| Eastern | 288 | 80.3 | 19.7 | |
| Greater Accra | 339 | 62.7 | 37.3 | |
| Northern | 360 | 92.3 | 7.7 | |
| Upper East | 197 | 93 | 7 | |
| Upper West | 185 | 90.1 | 9.9 | |
| Volta | 330 | 79.5 | 20.5 | |
| Western | 449 | 88 | 12 | |
| SRH | 30.64*** | |||
| Good | 2150 | 89 | 11 | |
| Moderate | 1037 | 76.1 | 23.9 | |
| Bad | 359 | 61 | 39 | |
| Place of born | 10.99*** | |||
| Same locality | 2479 | 86.4 | 13.6 | |
| Different locality | 1096 | 75.6 | 24.4 | |
| Difficulty in work activity/HH | 16.97*** | |||
| None | 1356 | 90 | 10 | |
| Mild | 932 | 83.6 | 16.4 | |
| Moderate | 960 | 76.8 | 23.2 | |
| Severe/extreme | 203 | 60.5 | 39.5 | |
| NCD status | 22.66*** | |||
| None | 2880 | 84.7 | 15.3 | |
| 1+NCD | 695 | 75.6 | 24.4 | |
| WHR | 3.81* | |||
| Low | 759 | 86.8 | 13.2 | |
| Moderate | 1052 | 83 | 17 | |
| High | 1545 | 79.8 | 20.2 | |
| Hypertension status | 14.01*** | |||
| Normal | 1102 | 88.9 | 11.1 | |
| Elevated | 749 | 84.3 | 15.7 | |
| Hypertensive | 1724 | 78.7 | 21.3 | |
Non-communicable disease (NCD) status comprises self-reporting of angina, arthritis, asthma, cataract, depression, diabetes, hypertension, chronic lung disease and stroke. HH is household work. NCDs score (0=None, 1+ =1+ NCD).
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
MSLC, Middle School Leaving Certificate; SHS, Senior High School; SRH, self-rated health; WHP, waist–hip ratio.