TY - JOUR T1 - Relative selenium insufficiency is a risk factor for developing severe Graves’ orbitopathy: a case–control study JF - BMJ Open Ophthalmology JO - BMJ Open Ophth DO - 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000713 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - e000713 AU - Mingkwan Lumyongsatien AU - Unnkade Bhaktikamala AU - Pennung Thongtong AU - Sunisa Sintuwong AU - Ornvenus Nimitwongsakul AU - Jugchawin Kanokkantapong AU - Krit Pongpirul Y1 - 2021/05/01 UR - http://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000713.abstract N2 - Background/aims Selenium (Se), an antioxidant agent, is effective in preventing mild Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) deterioration. However, the significant risk of low serum Se concentration for GO progression has not been identified. Here, we aimed to investigate the risk of relative Se insufficiency and to identify its optimal cut-off value in the development of disease severity in patients with GO.Methods Serum Se levels were prospectively measured in 100 consecutive patients with GO. The patients were classified into groups with mild and severe GO (logistic regression analysis outcome). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the minimum p value corresponding to χ2 statistics were analysed to select the optimal cut-off Se level for the diagnosis of severe orbitopathy.Results Thirty-two patients (32%) had mild GO and 68 (68%) had severe GO. The ROC revealed a cut-off Se level of 93 µg/L. Se levels ≤93 µg/L were observed in 48.5% and 12.5% of the patients in the severe and mild (p<0.001) groups, respectively. The risk estimate (OR) for an Se level ≤93 µg/L was 8.14 (95% CI 2.39 to 27.75). It remained a significant risk factor after adjusting for age, sex, thyroid status, smoking status, thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine.Conclusion Relative Se insufficiency (≤93 µg/L) is a potential risk factor for severe GO development. An evaluation of Se status is recommended in patients with GO for predicting disease progression and guiding supplementation therapy.All data relevant to the study are included in the article. ER -