Effect of total anti-VEGF treatment exposure on patterns of choroidal neovascularisation assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography in age-related macular degeneration: a retrospective case series

Study design and setting, patient recruitment and enrolment

This is a cross-sectional case series of consecutive patients with nAMD with an OCTA scan presenting to the injection clinic of the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital between June 2016 and June 2017. As this study involved a retrospective analysis of deidentified retinal images obtained during routine clinical care, informed consent was not required.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

We included all patients with fluorescein angiography confirmed diagnosis of nAMD that presented to the injection clinic of the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, either newly diagnosed (treatment naïve) or treated with anti-VEGF agents (ranibizumab [Lucentis] or aflibercept [Eylea]) and had an OCTA scan, either acquired at or after the date of first nAMD diagnosis. Ranibizumab was given on a fixed monthly dosing for the first 3 months followed by pro re nata. In line with the licensed posology, aflibercept was given monthly for the first 3 months followed by two monthly until 1 year from commencement. This was then followed by either pro re nata or treat-and-extend regimes.

We excluded patients with nAMD who had OCTA scans without visible CNV.

Swept-source OCTA

In each case, we used a swept-source OCTA system (Topcon Triton, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) for image acquisition. Manual segmentation of the OCTA image fine-tuned the depth of imaging to ensure optimal visualisation of the CNV in each case. An experienced and board-certified Medical Retina specialist (KB) graded and classified morphological features of CNV. Following the observations of Al-Sheikh and colleagues, he classified the CNV as immature if they harboured a dense vascular network with a high branching index, high number of anastomoses and a smooth outline8 (figure 1). We classified the CNV as mature if the vascular network involved loosely packed and larger (trunk) vessels, with a small branching index and loss of the capillary fringe12 (figure 2).

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The retinal specialist graded the CNV without the knowledge of the corresponding treatment exposure or disease course. We extracted possible confounders including patients’ age, disease duration, number of injections at the time of OCTA imaging, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) and presence of intraretinal fluid (IRF). We operationalised disease duration by the time difference between the date of first nAMD diagnosis and OCTA imaging. It was standard practice for OCTA to be done prior to IVI if both were on the same day.

Statistical analysis

Patients’ descriptive statistics

A total of 40 eyes (25 eyes with mature and 15 eyes with immature CNV) were studied. Four patients provided both eyes to the analysis. In those four patients, we classified CNV of one patient contributing two eyes, as immature in one and as mature in the other eye. Mean age was 80.1 years (SD ±5.82), and 19 patients (51.4%) were female. Twenty eyes were treatment naïve, the mean number of IVIs in the remaining eyes was 18.4 (range 2–71). The mean disease duration was 19.3 months (range 0–87.4).

Immature versus mature neovascular membranes

Eyes with mature CNV did not significantly differ from those with immature CNV regarding age (+2.8 years; p=0.288) or duration of disease (+9.4 months; p=0.061). However, eyes with mature CNV were more often treated with anti-VEGF (14/22 vs 4/15; p=0.045). They also had a significantly higher median number of total IVIs (+6, IQR 0–18, p=0.042) and included a smaller proportion of treatment-naïve eyes (36.0% vs 73.3%, p=0.048). However, within the subgroup of treated eyes, treatment frequency and the median number of total IVIs were comparable. The mean BCVA in eyes with immature CNV was higher (58.27 letters, SD ±17.19) than in patients with mature membranes (44.48 letters, SD ±24.09, p=0.081). Eyes with immature CNV also showed SRF in more cases than eyes with mature membranes (46.7% vs 12.0%, p=0.014). However, the occurrence of IRF was comparable in both groups (20.0% vs 16.0%, p=0.747).

Table 1 shows the characteristics and comparisons of patients with immature versus mature CNV. When excluding seven eyes with very low BCVA (≤25 letters), there was a strong association between the number of IVIs (0 vs 1–20 IVI: OR 68.01 [95% CI 1.30 to 3546.99; p=0.036], 0 vs >20 IVI: OR 380.01 [95% CI 2.60 to 55 464.89; p=0.019]) and maturity status when correcting for potential confounding.

Subgroup of patients with very low visual acuity

Seven out of 40 eyes (17.5%) had very low visual acuity (≤25 letters). The mean time of follow-up in these eyes was 1 month (range 0–5.4 months). Among them, one treatment-naïve female eye with 20 letters BCVA showed no signs of maturity. Two male eyes (mean age: 83.5 years, mean BCVA: 5.5 letters, mean number of IVIs: 11.5) and four treatment-naïve female eyes (mean age: 81.0 years, mean BCVA: 13 letters) showed signs of maturity. Compared with the group with higher visual acuity, there was no significant difference in age, female gender and mean number of IVIs. While the frequency of SRF was not different between these two groups, we found a trend for a higher frequency of IRF (3/7 vs 4/33; Fisher’s exact p=0.088) in eyes with very low visual acuity.

Figures 1–4 show colour fundus images, cross-sectional foveal OCT images and corresponding en face OCTA images of example cases for mature and immature CNV, with and without anti-VEGF exposure.

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Main findings

In this retrospective case series of limited size, we found that the phenotypical maturation of CNV, as assessed by OCTA and graded by a retinal specialist, correlates with anti-VEGF treatment exposure after correcting for potential confounding, namely BCVA, age, SRF and disease duration.

Results in context

To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the association between anti-VEGF treatment exposure and the maturity status of CNV while correcting for nAMD disease duration.

The design of this study was based on Spaide’s work that first introduced the concept of vascular abnormalisation in neovascular membranes hypothesising that the treatment-induced morphological changes may result from recurrent vascular pruning.12 Sulzbacher and colleagues’ study showed that in treatment-naïve eyes, most of the CNV included a dense vascular network, whereas in eyes exposed to anti-VEGF, membranes were also harbouring loose networks in one-third of cases. Furthermore, in line with our study, they correlated longer disease duration with the loosening of the membrane networks. In contrast to our approach, where we entered disease duration as a covariate in the regression analysis, they did not investigate it as a potential confounder for this association.7 Kuehlewein and colleagues found that the main trunk (‘feeder vessel’) of type 2 neovascularisations remained unchanged after regular IVI, hypothesising that this large vessel may be a part of a mature neovascular complex associated with chronicity of the disease.14 Lumbroso and colleagues investigated the morphologic evolution of treatment-naïve CNV in response to repeated anti-VEGF IVI and found increased blood flow in the feeding vessel after treatment associated with pruning of small vessels.10 15 They concluded that OCTA might offer additional guidance on the selection of the time interval between IVIs. Huang et al found diminished blood flow in CNV in response to anti-VEGF within the first 2 weeks followed by reappearing vessels at 4 weeks’ follow-up time.11 In a recent study, Wylęgała and colleagues found significant changes in vessel density, but non-significant changes in ramification ratio of CNV when exposed to anti-VEGF treatment.16 Xu et al showed that type 1 CNV often continues to grow in size while under anti-VEGF treatment, but our study did not assess CNV size.17 Finally, this analysis also allowed interrogation of the CNV development in the absence of anti-VEGF exposure.

Strengths and limitations

We conducted this study according to current guidelines for case series.18

We refrained from performing a formal sample size analysis, given that this study is of exploratory nature. We were not able to investigate subgroups of different types of neovascular membranes and other stratified analyses due to the small study size. We excluded post hoc seven eyes that fell beyond anti-VEGF treatment indication according to the NICE guidelines from the exploratory analysis, which further reduced the study size.

As in every study using real-world clinical data, we faced the problem of potential patient selection due to various reasons including, that is, variability in patient referral or availability of clinical resources for upstream evaluations. This might have introduced selection bias to an unknown extent. In view that these data should stimulate further evaluation of the biological phenomenon of CNV maturation in treated nAMD, we believe that our data will inform this discussion. It is also noted that the CNV membrane may progress between morphological phases following anti-VEGF injection. Future work visualising the evolution of CNV structural change following anti-VEGF would be helpful. Finally, while grading was performed twice for the majority of cases with no change in CNV maturity status resulting, we did not formally assess intragrader variability.

In this study, we demonstrate an association between anti-VEGF treatment exposure and CNV morphology as visualised on OCTA, after accounting for confounding factors including disease duration. We show a strong association between mature CNV phenotype with an increasing number of anti-VEGF injections.

Implications for research

Given the results presented in this case series, evaluations in a prospective cohort study of reasonable size enrolling patients who are presenting with suspected nAMD should be performed. The analysis should consider assessing several clinical subgroups including the different membrane types, the type of anti-VEGF drug and clinical activity.

Implications for practice and conclusions

This study further highlights the potential of OCTA to have a substantial impact on patient care. For instance, the response to anti-VEGF therapy in nAMD may be assessed by phenotypical maturation, thereby influencing clinical decision-making. In conclusion, the assessment of the maturity status of CNV in nAMD by OCTA may be a complementary way to follow the response to anti-VEGF therapy, providing additional information for treatment decisions.